{"id":23741,"date":"2023-12-06T08:51:38","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T08:51:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/thong-ke-statistics-la-gi-phan-loai-thong-ke.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T09:03:05","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T02:03:05","slug":"thong-ke-statistics-la-gi-phan-loai-thong-ke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/thong-ke-statistics-la-gi-phan-loai-thong-ke.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (Statistics) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda: Toward Data Science<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Statistics.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp, xem x\u00e9t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

– Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

– Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ed3i qui<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ecdn<\/p>\n

– Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai<\/p>\n

– Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai<\/p>\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1eabu li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00ec nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb m\u1eabu. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111a ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, kinh doanh, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00ed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n…. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu th\u1eadp m\u1eabu. Hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea suy lu\u1eadn. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch trung b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea suy lu\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/font><\/h3>\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh:\u00a0<\/b>M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu v\u1edbi nhau. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 theo th\u1eddi gian. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc th\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ed3i qui:\u00a0<\/b>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ed3i qui x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t, gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3i qui tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch:\u00a0<\/b>\u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng – \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a trung b\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch \u00e2m – \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a trung b\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ecdn:\u00a0<\/b>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ecdn s\u1ebd \u0111o xem li\u1ec7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i nh\u1eb9 (\u00edt kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t) hay \u0111u\u00f4i n\u1eb7ng (nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t) so v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecdn l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i n\u1eb7ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecdn nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i nh\u1eb9 s\u1ebd ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u00edt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai:\u00a0<\/b>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ee7i ro m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn khi mua kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Ronald Fisher \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c nhau theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

(Theo Investopedia<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Statistics) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23741"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23741"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23741\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23741"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23741"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23741"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}