{"id":23909,"date":"2023-12-06T08:59:14","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T08:59:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/thang-du-surplus-la-gi-dac-diem-nguyen-nhan-xay-ra-va-ket-qua.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T09:19:43","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T02:19:43","slug":"thang-du-surplus-la-gi-dac-diem-nguyen-nhan-xay-ra-va-ket-qua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/thang-du-surplus-la-gi-dac-diem-nguyen-nhan-xay-ra-va-ket-qua.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 (Surplus) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"
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(\u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda: orporatefinanceinstitute)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Surplus.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/b> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3n th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m thu nh\u1eadp, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho, th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua.<\/p>\n

Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 x\u1ea3y ra khi thu nh\u1eadp ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khi doanh thu thu\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n sau t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/font><\/h3>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 <\/b>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n x\u1ea3y ra.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c nhu c\u1ea7u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0a b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh h\u00e0ng qu\u00ed ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a d\u1ec5 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf<\/font><\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf:\u00a0th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng\u00a0(Consumer surplus<\/b>) v\u00e0 th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\u00a0<\/b>(Producer surplus).<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng<\/b> x\u1ea3y ra khi gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 b\u1ee9c tranh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua gi\u1eef trong \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1. Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua n\u00e0y mua b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed gi\u00e1 m\u1ed7i th\u00f9ng d\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m, khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 x\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i x\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 quen \u0111\u1ed5 x\u0103ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t <\/b>x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u1edf m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh, th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u, khi\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa gi\u00e1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Theo qui lu\u1eadt, th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec mang l\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1i kia.<\/i><\/p>\n

L\u00ed do Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 x\u1ea3y ra<\/font><\/h3>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/b> x\u1ea3y ra khi gi\u1eefa cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1ea5t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau, ho\u1eb7c khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n cho m\u1ed9t con b\u00fap b\u00ea n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 hay thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ea3 khi mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n cung, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 chung tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u00e2y ra th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 cung cao, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea7u, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng mua m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef trong kho.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/font><\/h3>\n

Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0<\/b> g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chu k\u00ec th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 s\u00e0n (Price floor) – \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n. M\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3, do \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i l\u00fac, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh.<\/i><\/p>\n

Khi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n cung d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00ec gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ebb h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n cung n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ngu\u1ed3n cung khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 t\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00ec gi\u00e1 cao, v\u00e0 chu k\u00ec c\u1ee9 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

(Theo Investopedia<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Surplus) l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23909"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23909"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23909\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}