{"id":25287,"date":"2023-12-07T00:19:30","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T00:19:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/hieu-ung-kho-de-hard-easy-effect-la-gi-noi-dung-ve-hieu-ung-kho-de.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T10:17:09","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T03:17:09","slug":"hieu-ung-kho-de-hard-easy-effect-la-gi-noi-dung-ve-hieu-ung-kho-de","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/hieu-ung-kho-de-hard-easy-effect-la-gi-noi-dung-ve-hieu-ung-kho-de.html","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5 (Hard\u2013easy Effect) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5 (Hard\u2013easy Effect)<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5 <\/b>trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Hard\u2013easy Effect<\/b>; c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (discriminability effect) ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n (difficulty effect).<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, h\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5<\/font><\/h3>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Sarah Lichtenstein v\u00e0 Baruch Fischhoff. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, l\u1ed7i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh khi \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 th\u00ec th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n th\u00ec cao. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n r\u1ea5t tin c\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0 tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00ed qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tin.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: thedecisionlab.com)<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch<\/p>\n

a. B\u1ea1n th\u00edch r\u01b0\u1ee3u Whisky ng\u00f4 hay r\u01b0\u1ee3u\u00a0Whisky c\u1ee7a Scotchen?<\/p>\n

b. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u00edch ho\u00e3n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00ednh vi\u00ean sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khi c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc?<\/p>\n

c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i 50-50 trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thua $50 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eafng $100?<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, quy\u1ec1n tham gia c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong danh b\u1ea1, sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe h\u01a1i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn: Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n v\u1ecb 0.01, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.99,… ta c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

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Ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n v\u1ecb PR3, PR4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng m\u1edf PR1, PR6 n\u1ebfu \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec 50% c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y. H\u00e0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng 6.2 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ecdng, hay s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n k\u00ec v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (t\u00ednh tr\u00ean 1000 – v\u00ec c\u00f3 10 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf d\u1ea1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m).<\/p>\n

Hai c\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t k\u00ec v\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9a 250 s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 25% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 500 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho 10 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 10 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 334 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi k\u00ec v\u1ecdng 500 c\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tin \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: T\u00c0I CH\u00cdNH H\u00c0NH VI, T\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, Ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Lucy FAckert, Richard Deaves, NXB Kinh T\u1ebf TP.HCM)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 – d\u1ec5 (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Hard\u2013easy Effect) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Sarah Lichtenstein v\u00e0 Baruch Fischhoff.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25287"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25287"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25287\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}