{"id":25527,"date":"2023-12-07T01:36:12","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T01:36:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/y-nghia-thong-ke-statistical-significance-la-gi-dac-diem.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T10:33:25","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T03:33:25","slug":"y-nghia-thong-ke-statistical-significance-la-gi-dac-diem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/y-nghia-thong-ke-statistical-significance-la-gi-dac-diem.html","title":{"rendered":"\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (Statistical Significance) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Hi\u0300nh minh ho\u0323a. Ngu\u00f4\u0300n: Asgardia.sMasterskills<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kha\u0301i ni\u00ea\u0323m<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> trong ti\u00ea\u0301ng Anh la\u0300 Statistical Significance<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean hay t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, y h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu. Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t xem m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1ea1nh cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh trong khi ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, hay d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a trong m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ec7ch trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o. <\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1edf m\u1ee9c 95% (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 99%).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/font><\/h3>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea <\/b>(ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i khi l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu, l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ph\u00e9p th\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea hay kh\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u00edt khi cho ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb p (p-value) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t xem bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u00f3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a hay kh\u00f4ng; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. P-value<\/b> l\u00e0 h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

P-value cho bi\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea x\u1ea3y ra do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c do l\u1ed7i trong l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, p-value ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1ee7i ro khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. P-value ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng 1 tr\u1eeb \u0111i m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c do l\u1ed7i l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 95%, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay p-value l\u00e0 5%.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/font><\/h3>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u00a0c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Hai chu\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phim m\u00e0 nam di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Nicolas Cage \u0111\u00f3ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u1ea5t cao v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i do tai n\u1ea1n trong b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra ho\u1eb7c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh khi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh<\/font><\/h3>\n

– \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/b> l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui cho m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u1ed7i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

– \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

– Ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

(Theo Investopedia<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Statistical Significance) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra do ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean hay t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25527"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25527"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25527\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25527"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25527"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25527"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}