{"id":26029,"date":"2023-12-07T02:20:23","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T02:20:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/noi-dong-xu-matching-pennies-trong-kinh-te-hoc-hanh-vi-la-gi-cach-thuc-hien-tro-choi-noi-dong-xu.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T11:24:39","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T04:24:39","slug":"noi-dong-xu-matching-pennies-trong-kinh-te-hoc-hanh-vi-la-gi-cach-thuc-hien-tro-choi-noi-dong-xu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/noi-dong-xu-matching-pennies-trong-kinh-te-hoc-hanh-vi-la-gi-cach-thuc-hien-tro-choi-noi-dong-xu.html","title":{"rendered":"N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu (Matching Pennies) trong kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\n

H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: pinimg.com)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu (Matching Pennies)<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Matching Pennies.<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p l\u00ed t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu tr\u00ean b\u00e0n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chi tr\u1ea3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hai \u0111\u1ed3ng xu n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp nhau hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng xu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd th\u1eafng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng xu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia; n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i th\u1ee9 hai s\u1ebd th\u1eafng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng xu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia. N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng b\u1eb1ng 0, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y th\u1eafng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd thua.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ch\u1ecdn m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng Nash trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y; n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu<\/font><\/h3>\n

N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu<\/i> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i “B\u00faa, Bao, K\u00e9o” hay tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i “l\u1ebb v\u00e0 ch\u1eb5n”.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau. Adam v\u00e0 Bob l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y ma tr\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c \u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u t\u1eeb (a) \u0111\u1ebfn (d), ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Adam, trong khi m\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bob. +1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 xu, trong khi -1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i m\u1ea5t 1 xu.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 Adam v\u00e0 Bob \u0111\u1ec1u ra “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda”, th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 trong \u00f4 (a). N\u1ebfu Adam ch\u01a1i “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda” c\u00f2n Bob ch\u01a1i “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p”, th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong \u00f4 (b), b\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 -1, +1, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Adam m\u1ea5t 1 xu v\u00e0 Bob ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 xu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu Adam ra “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p” v\u00e0 Bob ra “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda” th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong \u00f4 (c) l\u00e0 -1, +1. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ra “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p” th\u00ec ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong \u00f4 (d) l\u00e0 +1, -1.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ch\u1ecdn “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda” th\u00ec Adam \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 xu thay v\u00ec 1 xu th\u00ec Adam c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khi ch\u01a1i “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda” v\u1edbi “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p”.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y Bob s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn th\u00eam “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p”. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng b\u1eb1ng 0, trong \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Adam l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Bob n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p” c\u1ee7a Bob n\u00f3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i cho ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Adam. Adam s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u01a1i “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda” v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i “m\u1eb7t ng\u1eeda” hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Bob s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn “m\u1eb7t s\u1ea5p”.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: investopedia.com)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n N\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Matching Pennies) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p l\u00ed t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26029"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26029"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26029\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26029"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26029"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26029"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}