{"id":26191,"date":"2023-12-07T02:26:48","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T02:26:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/tai-san-cua-nhom-club-goods-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T11:29:20","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T04:29:20","slug":"tai-san-cua-nhom-club-goods-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/tai-san-cua-nhom-club-goods-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m (Club goods) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: amcham)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m<\/b> hay c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: Club goods.<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng hay t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (i) gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3m khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 (ii) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n k\u1eb9t xe. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 thu ph\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m<\/font><\/h3>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3\u00a0c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a hay c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng (n\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng).\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ai lo” (tragedy of the common). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed nh\u1edd v\u1ea3 (free riding). Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Coase g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p\u00a0<\/font><\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a chi ph\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Pigou, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf n\u1ed9p cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf thu kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Buchanan-Ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u00f3m (s\u00e2n golf, h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i), v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd ph\u00ed kho\u1ea3n h\u1ed9i ph\u00ed m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. C\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00ec h\u1ed9i ph\u00ed c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thu h\u00fat th\u00eam h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean n\u1eefa. H\u1ed9i vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n th\u1ebb h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Buchanan khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u1ed7:<\/p>\n

– (i) \u0110\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngang nhau;<\/p>\n

– (ii) C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Buchanan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng Pareto;<\/p>\n

– (iii) T\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i;<\/p>\n

– (iv) Kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng XHCN.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: Kinh t\u1ebf Lu\u1eadt, L\u00ea N\u1ebft, 2006, NXB Tri th\u1ee9c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Club goods) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong kinh t\u1ebf lu\u1eadt. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26191"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26191"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26191\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26191"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}