{"id":26468,"date":"2023-12-07T02:37:13","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T02:37:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/cong-cu-kinh-te-economic-instruments-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:35:20","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:35:20","slug":"cong-cu-kinh-te-economic-instruments-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/cong-cu-kinh-te-economic-instruments-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf (Economic instruments) trong kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: niaeru)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0:\u00a0Economic instruments.<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf<\/b> hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/font><\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Thu\u1ebf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Thu\u1ebf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng,\u00a0ph\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

–\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc – ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3<\/p>\n

–\u00a0K\u00ed qu\u0129 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Nh\u00e3n sinh th\u00e1i<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Qu\u0129 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/font><\/h3>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean\u00a0t\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c;\u00a0<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n;\u00a0<\/p>\n

Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ec3n khai k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng;<\/p>\n

Gia t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n thu ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 cho ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/font><\/h3>\n

Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:\u00a0<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch – chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt… c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m;<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00ed \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00ed; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf s\u1edf h\u1eefu ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf;<\/p>\n

– S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua – ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn trong chi ph\u00ed gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3 thi h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n;<\/p>\n

– N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, bao g\u1ed3m: n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0<\/p>\n

– \u00dd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 CAC\u00a0c\u0169 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i khi cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00eam nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed cho h\u1ecd.\u00a0<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00eau tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n.\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1edbi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf, ph\u00ed, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc – ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i “d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng” h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a OECD v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 CAC truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169, trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.\u00a0<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a CAC, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng,\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Chinh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Economic instruments) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26468"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26468"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26468\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}