{"id":26709,"date":"2023-12-07T03:03:54","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/gia-thuyet-chen-lan-crowding-hypothesis-la-gi-li-do-dua-ra-gia-thuyet-chen-lan.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:43:47","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:43:47","slug":"gia-thuyet-chen-lan-crowding-hypothesis-la-gi-li-do-dua-ra-gia-thuyet-chen-lan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/gia-thuyet-chen-lan-crowding-hypothesis-la-gi-li-do-dua-ra-gia-thuyet-chen-lan.html","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n (Crowding Hypothesis) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00ed do \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n (Crowding Hypothesis)<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Crowding Hypothesis.<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u1edf M\u1ef9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en) t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ng\u1ecdc, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n)<\/i><\/p>\n

L\u00ed do \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n<\/font><\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u00ed do th\u1eeba cung\u00a0lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 (ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng) cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 chen l\u1ea5n\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e9o m\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n<\/i> nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1971 khi nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Barbara R. Bergmann xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thu nh\u1eadp tr\u1eafng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng” (The Effect on White Incomes of Discrimination in Employment).<\/p>\n

B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en m\u1eb7c \u00e1o c\u1ed5 xanh trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u1eafng\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi da tr\u1eafng.\u00a0N\u0103m 1974, Bergmann \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 chen l\u1ea5n\u00a0gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 coi r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p theo gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n<\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 chen l\u1ea5n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m\u00a0b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ec v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n<\/b> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

William Arthur Lewis (1915 – 1991),\u00a0m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong cu\u1ed1n “Xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf” (1985) r\u1eb1ng: “B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 ganh \u0111ua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t” (Lewis 1985, p. 43)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Lewis \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0encyclopedia.com)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft chen l\u1ea5n (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Crowding Hypothesis) l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26709"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26709"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26709\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26709"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26709"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26709"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}