{"id":26738,"date":"2023-12-07T03:05:29","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:05:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/chuoi-khoi-blockchain-la-gi-cac-loai-chuoi-khoi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:52:12","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:52:12","slug":"chuoi-khoi-blockchain-la-gi-cac-loai-chuoi-khoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/chuoi-khoi-blockchain-la-gi-cac-loai-chuoi-khoi.html","title":{"rendered":"Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i (Blockchain) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda. Ngu\u1ed3n: ibm.com<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i (Blockchain)<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i <\/b>trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Blockchain<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/b> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 (digital ledger), trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e3 h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf, ti\u1ebfng Anh: Miners).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft an to\u00e0n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0m b\u0103m, ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 hash) \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i, ngu\u1ed3n: The World Bank<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn (consensus mechanism). Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n (computing power) l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thao t\u00fang d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. \u0110\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng (nodes). Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u00e0ng cao.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/font><\/h3>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp:<\/b> Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 <\/b>(private blockchain)v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai<\/b> (public blockchain).<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2:<\/b> Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/b> (permissioned blockchain) v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/b> (permissionless blockchain)<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, c\u00f2n chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai gi\u1ed1ng chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nChu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai\/
Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/b><\/td>\n		Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0\/
Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean<\/td>\nPh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp<\/td>\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem giao d\u1ecbch, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam giao d\u1ecbch\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u cao h\u01a1n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt<\/td>\nB\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua qui m\u00f4 m\u1ea1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn<\/td>\nB\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>\nT\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao d\u1ecbch th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n<\/td>\nT\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch cao h\u01a1n n\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao d\u1ecbch cao h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/td>\nDanh t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n danh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi b\u00fat danh<\/td>\nX\u00e1c minh danh t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn (Consensus mechanisms)<\/td>\nB\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (Proof of work)<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/td>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh (native cryptocurrencies) nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng token \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td>\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/td>\nBitcoin, Ethereum<\/td>\nR3’s Corda, Hyperledger Fabric<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh ghi ch\u00e9p giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o\u00a0v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/font><\/h3>\n

1. Giao d\u1ecbch di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n<\/p>\n

2. Giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t t\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh (n\u00fat)<\/p>\n

3. N\u00fat x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c chi ti\u1ebft giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia giao d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

4. Sau khi x\u00e1c minh, giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi (c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc) cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i<\/p>\n

5. Kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3 h\u00f3a) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

6. Giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh CFA level I n\u0103m nay<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Blockchain) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 (digital ledger), trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e3 h\u00f3a.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26738"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26738"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26738\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26738"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}