{"id":26757,"date":"2023-12-07T03:06:24","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:06:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/tro-cap-subsidies-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:44:03","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:44:03","slug":"tro-cap-subsidies-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/tro-cap-subsidies-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p (Subsidies) trong kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: khabarban)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p\u00a0<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: Subsidies.<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, doanh nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng thanh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: Investopedia)<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<\/font><\/h3>\n

Cho kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p S tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111<\/span>\u01a1n v\u1ecb g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, m\u1ee9c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 W, m\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 M, M nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n W.\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p (TSs) l\u00fac \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 l\u00e0: TSs = S (W- M).\u00a0<\/p>\n

Minh ho\u1ea1 qua h\u00ecnh 1 v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh 1. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u00e0nh<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

H\u00ecnh b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng, b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 sau: Tr\u1ee5c Oy bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n hai \u0111<\/span>\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m \u0111<\/span>\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 P, v\u00e0 \u0111<\/span>\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n (AC) v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean (MC). Tr\u1ee5c Ox bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0110<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng, gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111<\/span>\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (P) \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n (AC). Ta x\u00e9t \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec3m \u0111<\/span>\u1ea7u tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 (P.q) \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong c\u1ee7a \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec3m \u0111<\/span>\u1ea7u tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 (P.Q) \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cung t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p S.\u00a0<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf \u0111<\/span>\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111<\/span>ang x\u00e9t v\u1edbi \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\u00a0th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh chi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n MC = P.<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/font>\u00a0<\/h3>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ed lu\u1eadn chung \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 \u0111<\/span>\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh: tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh 1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i cho th\u1ea5y, khi c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111<\/span>\u1ea9y \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n (AC) v\u00e0 \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean (MC) l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean, \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111<\/span>\u1ebfn \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh (P) b\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng q1.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi (AC + thu\u1ebf), do v\u1eady c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ebd ra kh\u1ecfi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd thua l\u1ed7, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cung S sang b\u00ean tr\u00e1i th\u00e0nh S1.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Do \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e2u h\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi P1 v\u00e0 Q1 \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi P1 v\u00e0 q \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng. \u0110<\/span>i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u0111<\/span>\u00fang theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed mong \u0111<\/span>\u1ee3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh: Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng hay \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh s\u1ebd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111<\/span>\u1ed5i chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean (MC) c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng. N\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean (MC) s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh (MC + tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 (MC + thu\u1ebf). Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c do gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00ean \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean (MC) m\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 (MC + t). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n (AC) \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong (AC – tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p) n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cong AC ban \u0111<\/span>\u1ea7u.\u00a0<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 (P) b\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed bi\u00ean m\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i q1, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, gi\u00e1 P s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi (AC- ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p), do \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd gia nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00e3i, \u0111<\/span>\u1ea9y \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1eddng cung t\u1eeb S sang S2. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (P2,Q2) \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 (P2,q2) \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng,\u00a0TS. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Song – TS. V\u0169 Th\u1ecb Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5y, 2006, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Subsidies) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26757"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26757"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26757\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}