{"id":26759,"date":"2023-12-07T03:06:30","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:06:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/ngoai-ung-tieu-cuc-negative-externalities-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:49:28","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:49:28","slug":"ngoai-ung-tieu-cuc-negative-externalities-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/ngoai-ung-tieu-cuc-negative-externalities-trong-kinh-te-tai-nguyen-moi-truong-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"Ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c (Negative Externalities) trong kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: nat.sakimura)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: Negative Externalities.<\/b><\/p>\n

Ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u l\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf), ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ngay trong h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y gi\u1ea5y (thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf) g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111<\/span>\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u2026 (t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng \u0111<\/span>\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng), hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 (t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng ngay b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng do ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng ngay trong h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p A c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Q ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111<\/span>\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u00e0nh B g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t, khi \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bi\u00ean MPA theo m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t B l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh B \u0111<\/span>\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho A, ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0nh B g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t chi ph\u00ed cho ng\u00e0nh A.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/font><\/h3>\n

S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng\u2026) t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111<\/span>\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

\u00d4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m thay \u0111<\/span>\u1ed5i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi ph\u1ea1m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Khi kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111<\/span>\u00f4ng, nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao n\u00ean g\u00e2y ra ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u0111<\/span>\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111<\/span>\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, khi \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0<\/p>\n

+ Thay \u0111<\/span>\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i, gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc;\u00a0<\/p>\n

+ T\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 g\u00e2y m\u01b0a a x\u00edt;\u00a0<\/p>\n

+ Hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb\u2026<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i g\u00e2y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1eadt l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u0111<\/span>\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111<\/span>\u00f3, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111<\/span>\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra chi ph\u00ed ch\u01b0a \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111<\/span>\u1ec1n b\u00f9 cho c\u00e1c \u0111<\/span>\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 \u0111<\/span>i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. Trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh chi ph\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Do \u0111<\/span>\u00f3, ho\u1ea1t \u0111<\/span>\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111<\/span>\u00e3 \u0111<\/span>\u01b0a l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t (thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i) cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c chi ph\u00ed ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng \u0111<\/span>\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed g\u00e2y ra cho b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111<\/span>\u1ec1n b\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111<\/span>\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111<\/span>\u00e3 \u0111<\/span>\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng,\u00a0TS. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Song – TS. V\u0169 Th\u1ecb Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5y, 2006, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Ngo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Negative Externalities) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3; ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong t\u1eebng h\u1ec7.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26759"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26759"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26759\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}