{"id":26797,"date":"2023-12-07T03:08:21","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:08:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/thue-o-nhiem-pollution-tax-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:44:04","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:44:04","slug":"thue-o-nhiem-pollution-tax-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/thue-o-nhiem-pollution-tax-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"Thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (Pollution tax) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: thehindu)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/b> hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf xanh<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: Pollution tax <\/b>hay Green tax<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (thu\u1ebf xanh)<\/b>: l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang th\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Thu\u1ebf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n, thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ra \u0111\u1eddi<\/font><\/h3>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do Pigou, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1920 n\u00ean thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf Pigou (xem h\u00ecnh 1).\u00a0<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf, doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 MNPB > 0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qp. \u1ede m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, m\u1ee9c x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Wp.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 MEC = MNPB, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qs c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ws.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh 1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb Wp xu\u1ed1ng Ws \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf v\u1eeba b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i bi\u00ean MEC t\u1ea1i Qs. Kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t*. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i m\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea3i ra, doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf t*.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Qs (MEC = MNPB), th\u00ec MNPB th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ed1ng Qs, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u00e0 Ws.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/font><\/h3>\n

Thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qui \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Wa nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea1t khi vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p th\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n MNPB, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb Qp xu\u1ed1ng Qm (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb Wp xu\u1ed1ng\u00a0Wm).\u00a0<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t n\u00ean t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t* th\u00ec s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Qs v\u00e0 Ws.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra thu\u1ebf Pigou c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 sau:\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u2013 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00f4ng qua khung thu\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00ean \u00edt c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 th\u1ea5t thu h\u01a1n khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n x\u1ea3 th\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u2013 M\u1ed9t khi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong khi thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i v\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u2013 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u2013 Thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 k\u00e8m theo.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i carbon do \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n sang nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u phi \u0111\u1ecba khai v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i SO2. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3m 20% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i carbon s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m 21% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SO2 v\u00e0 14% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NOx.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c MEC v\u00e0 MNPB.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00ed<\/font><\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n xem b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Thu\u1ebf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Ph\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Qu\u1ed1c gia, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c gia<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ednh thu\u1ebf<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay t\u1ed5ng doanh thu<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\u0110i v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n thu chung c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft cho nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n thu c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:\u00a0Kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, TS. L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Uy\u1ec3n – TS. \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb M\u1ef9 H\u1ea1nh – ThS. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110inh Th\u1ea3o Vy,\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc M\u1edf TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Thu\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Pollution tax) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26797"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26797"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26797\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26797"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}