{"id":26846,"date":"2023-12-07T03:10:09","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:10:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/duong-bang-quan-indifference-curves-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:40:55","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:40:55","slug":"duong-bang-quan-indifference-curves-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/duong-bang-quan-indifference-curves-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan (Indifference curves) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\n

H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: behaviouraleconomist)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0:\u00a0Indifference curves.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan<\/b> l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 Ox v\u00e0 Oy, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c ho\u00e0nh Ox bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X, tr\u1ee5c tung Oy bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 cho ta bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n
\n

H\u00ecnh 1: S\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh 1, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m A, B, C th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh “th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u00edt”, khi \u0111i\u1ec3m B n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec3m A, gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a A s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a B.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u00edch gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a C h\u01a1n gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a A, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m C n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec3m A, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 X l\u1eabn Y \u1edf gi\u1ecf C nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u1edf gi\u1ecf A.\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a D n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u1ecf A (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y \u1edf gi\u1ecf D \u00edt h\u01a1n \u1edf A), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i so v\u1edbi gi\u1ecf A (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X \u1edf gi\u1ecf D nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u1edf A) th\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc “th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u00edt” trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u00edch gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o h\u01a1n.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\u00a0s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u1edf th\u00edch cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A v\u1edbi D, theo \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 A \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n D, ho\u1eb7c D \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n A, ho\u1eb7c A \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u01b0 D.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p A v\u00e0 D \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u01b0 nhau, ta n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, A v\u00e0 D mang l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng. Khi ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 D trong vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u1edd \u01a1 hay b\u00e0ng quan trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn A hay D.\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng ngang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a A ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a D s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan: trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan \u0111i qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m A v\u00e0 D.\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nhau, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, anh ta (ch\u1ecb ta) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 nhau.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan, khi ta di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X l\u1eabn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 \u2206x v\u00e0 \u2206y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u (c\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X v\u00e0 Y c\u00f9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, hay c\u00f9ng \u00e2m \u2013 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X v\u00e0 Y c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3m) trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 X l\u1eabn Y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a h\u1eefu \u00edch.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 x l\u1eabn y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u0103ng, th\u00ec theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc “th\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u00edt”, gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng cao h\u01a1n.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa X v\u00e0 Y. T\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 -\u2206y\/\u2206x bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n hi sinh bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thay th\u1ebf bi\u00ean (MRS).\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thay th\u1ebf bi\u00ean<\/b> gi\u1eefa h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi sinh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0MRS = -\u2206y\/\u2206x\u00a0<\/p>\n

Theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thay th\u1ebf bi\u00ean t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf Vi m\u00f4, PGS.TS. Ph\u00ed M\u1ea1nh H\u1ed3ng, NXB \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c Gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0ng quan (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Indifference curves) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26846"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26846"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26846\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26846"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26846"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26846"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}