{"id":26886,"date":"2023-12-07T03:11:29","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/hieu-qua-pareto-pareto-efficiency-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:54:40","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:54:40","slug":"hieu-qua-pareto-pareto-efficiency-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/hieu-qua-pareto-pareto-efficiency-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto (Pareto efficiency) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: investopedia)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto\u00a0<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: Pareto efficiency.<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia Wilfredo Pareto \u0111\u01b0a ra trong cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1909.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Theo Pareto, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto) n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c sao cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i g\u00ec.\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n) m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Minh h\u1ecda<\/font><\/h3>\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh ho\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh 1, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 hai nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi X v\u00e0 Y.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n AB cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho nh\u00f3m kia. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n AB \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m E b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n AB. T\u1eeb E, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n cho X m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a d\u00e0nh cho Y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3m F (n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n), b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c v\u1eeba sang ph\u1ea3i l\u1eabn l\u00ean tr\u00ean song ch\u01b0a \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a X (ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Y) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c Y (ho\u1eb7c X) ph\u1ea3i ngh\u00e8o \u0111i.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh 1: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i X v\u00e0 Y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n AB \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, song \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda trong nh\u01b0 F l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u “kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n”, ho\u1eb7c “ngh\u00e8o \u0111i”. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hai lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a X v\u00e0 Y, khi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng X t\u0103ng l\u00ean ta coi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi X tr\u1edf n\u00ean “kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n”, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng X gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi X tr\u1edf n\u00ean “ngh\u00e8o \u0111i”.\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba n\u00eau, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 – nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0<\/p>\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 song \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n AB \u1edf h\u00ecnh 1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m D c\u00f3 ho\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n s\u00e1t 0, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 X \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 \u00edt h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, trong khi Y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3m M ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf Vi m\u00f4, PGS.TS. Ph\u00ed M\u1ea1nh H\u1ed3ng, NXB \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c Gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Pareto (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Pareto efficiency) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n) m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26886"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26886"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26886\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}