{"id":26964,"date":"2023-12-07T03:14:57","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/dai-khung-hoang-great-depression-la-gi-nguyen-nhan-cua-dai-khung-hoang.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:42:15","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:42:15","slug":"dai-khung-hoang-great-depression-la-gi-nguyen-nhan-cua-dai-khung-hoang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/dai-khung-hoang-great-depression-la-gi-nguyen-nhan-cua-dai-khung-hoang.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng (Great Depression) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vnbcbc-body vceditor-content wi-active\" data-role=\"content\">\n<div class=\"VCSortableInPreviewMode\" type=\"Photo\" style=\"\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"PhotoCMS_Caption\">\n<p><i>H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda. Ngu\u1ed3n: glimpseofhistory.com<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"\"><font style=\"line-height: 22px; font-size: 22px;\" color=\"#3d85c6\">\u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng<\/font><\/h2>\n<p class=\"\"><b>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><b>\u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u00a0<\/b>trong ti\u1ebfng Anh<b> l\u00e0 Great Depression.<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1929 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1946 sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II m\u1edbi k\u1ebft th\u00fac.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\"><font style=\"line-height: 22px; font-size: 22px;\" color=\"#3d85c6\">Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng<\/font><\/h3>\n<p class=\"\">Theo Ben Bernanke, c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang M\u1ef9 (Fed), Fed \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra \u0110\u1ea1i\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t khi trong khi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Theo Bernanke, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 5 sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Fed:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">1. Fed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t cho vay v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1928.\u00a0H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1929.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">2. Khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n v\u1ecb v\u00e0ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4la do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4la \u0111\u1ec3 mua v\u00e0o v\u00e0ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1931, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4la.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">3. Fed \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4la. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">4. Fed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng cung ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">5. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat m\u1ecdi kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng g\u00e2y ra ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n. Fed b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ecfi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m cung ti\u1ec1n.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Fed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Fed \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5ng ngu\u1ed3n cung \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi 30%. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Bernanke.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"\"><font style=\"line-height: 22px; font-size: 22px;\" color=\"#3d85c6\">Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0110\u1ea1i\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng<\/font><\/h4>\n<p class=\"\">N\u0103m 1932, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u Franklin D. Roosevelt l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Trong v\u00f2ng 100 ng\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi (New Deal), t\u1ea1o ra 42 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0110\u1ea1i\u00a0kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 chi nhi\u1ec1u cho\u00a0Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Trong ch\u00edn n\u0103m t\u1eeb l\u00fac Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 3 t\u1ef7 USD. N\u0103m 1942, chi ti\u00eau qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 23 t\u1ef7 USD n\u1ee3. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1943, kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 64 t\u1ef7 USD.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">(Theo: <i>thebalance.com)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vnbcbc-sapo\" data-role=\"sapo\">\n                            \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Great Depression) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 10 n\u0103m. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\n                        <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26964"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26964"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26964\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}