{"id":27109,"date":"2023-12-07T03:19:50","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:19:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/kinh-te-thi-truong-tu-do-free-market-economy-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:54:42","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:54:42","slug":"kinh-te-thi-truong-tu-do-free-market-economy-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/kinh-te-thi-truong-tu-do-free-market-economy-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do (Free market economy) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda. Ngu\u1ed3n: finalwakeupcall<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do (Free market economy)<\/font><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Free market economy<\/b>. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do<\/i> l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/b><\/p>\n

– Ch\u00ednh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho ai?\u00a0<\/p>\n

– N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do<\/b> b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0<\/p>\n

–\u00a0C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a hay thu nh\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu nh\u1eadp. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o ra<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khan hi\u1ebfm) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ca s\u0129 hay c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp r\u1ea5t cao. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n nh\u01b0 lau nh\u00e0, b\u1ed1c v\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p.\u00a0<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf<\/font><\/h3>\n

“S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i g\u00ec?”<\/b><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c “s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i g\u00ec” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u00a0<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4, hay xe m\u00e1y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p hay ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 hay xe m\u00e1y v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 hay xe m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi mua xe m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gia t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 xe m\u00e1y thu h\u1eb9p, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 xe m\u00e1y gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe m\u00e1y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111i. Khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i thua l\u1ed7 trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n), n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

“S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?”<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i “s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o”.<\/p>\n

Khi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a chi ph\u00ed. S\u1ef1 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

“S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho ai?”<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n d\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho t\u00f4i hay b\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp “khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n”, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong “chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh” m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ra, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u00edt \u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/font><\/h3>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ngay \u1edf Hongkong, n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do x\u1eed l\u00ed m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2003, khi d\u1ecbch SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh n\u1eb7ng) b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft n\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf vi m\u00f4, NXB \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Free market economy) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hay kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf.\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[414],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27109"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27109"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27109\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}