{"id":27290,"date":"2023-12-07T03:46:05","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T03:46:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/bang-chung-cong-viec-proof-of-work-pow-trong-cong-nghe-chuoi-khoi-la-gi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-22T14:54:25","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T07:54:25","slug":"bang-chung-cong-viec-proof-of-work-pow-trong-cong-nghe-chuoi-khoi-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/bang-chung-cong-viec-proof-of-work-pow-trong-cong-nghe-chuoi-khoi-la-gi.html","title":{"rendered":"B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (Proof of Work – PoW) trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda (Ngu\u1ed3n: vncryptor.com)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (Proof of Work)<\/font><\/h2>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Proof of Work<\/b>; vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft: PoW<\/b>.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/i> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 g\u1eedi email spam ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hal Finney \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n n\u0103m 2004 th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng “reusable proof of work” (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/i> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng). Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009, Bitcoin \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Finney (Finney c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn giao d\u1ecbch Bitcoin \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean). B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/i> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/font><\/h3>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Bitcoin<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i\u00a0s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/span>“. S\u1ed5 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch Bitcoin<\/span>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c “kh\u1ed1i” li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec kho\u1ea3n gi\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hai l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai, ho\u1eb7c “ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n”; m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0m b\u0103m (c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c). \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0m b\u0103m (Bitcoin<\/span> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng SHA-256) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, do “hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u00e1c”, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra. D\u00f9 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, h\u00e0m b\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 cho s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i. H\u00e0m b\u0103m l\u00e0 h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u: n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00e0m b\u0103m c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u00e0m b\u0103m n\u00e0o cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch Bitcoin<\/span> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh “th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n” th\u00ec m\u1ea1ng Bitcoin<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c “kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n” nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sao cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “khai th\u00e1c” (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/span> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7) kho\u1ea3ng 10 ph\u00fat m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp “m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau” cho h\u00e0m b\u0103m: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p th\u00ec h\u00e0m b\u0103m h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m h\u01b0\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i s\u1ed1: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e0m b\u0103m cho kh\u1ed1i # 429818 l\u00e0 000000000000000004dd3426129639082239efd583b5273b1bd75e8d78ff2e8d.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 2.012 giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 1.000 Bitcoin<\/span>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n giao d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng 0,0001 Bitcoin<\/span>, h\u00e0m b\u0103m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gian l\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m duy nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau? H\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0nonce (“s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n”). Khi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00e0m b\u0103m h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Khai th\u00e1c\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea1nh tranh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua. Trung b\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/i> ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9 sau 10 ph\u00fat. C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i, t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bitcoin<\/span> m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/b> khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i<\/span> tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng, v\u00ec m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0m b\u0103m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: investopedia.com)<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Proof of Work; vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft: PoW) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i…\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[415],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27290"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27290"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27290\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27290"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27290"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27290"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}