{"id":3701,"date":"2023-11-30T04:18:25","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T04:18:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/?p=3701"},"modified":"2023-11-29T21:12:30","modified_gmt":"2023-11-29T21:12:30","slug":"quan-tri-su-thay-doi-trong-to-chuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/quan-tri-su-thay-doi-trong-to-chuc.html","title":{"rendered":"QU\u1ea2N TR\u1eca S\u1ef0 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I TRONG T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Theo P.Dejager, \u201c<em>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169 sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i c\u0169 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i m\u1edbi cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn,\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng qui tr\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi,\u2026 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i phong c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m,\u2026 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy cho c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00fap cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u1ef1 tin h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>: X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng,\u2026 Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8211; Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>: Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f3 lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp,\u2026 l\u00e0m cho h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em>: T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>T\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean trong<\/em>: T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c,\u2026<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh<\/em>: Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u01b0 th\u00eam s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi, h\u1ea1 g\u00eda s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3,\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>T\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/em>:Do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u2026 c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m 2 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:\u00a0<em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eafts\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>\u00a0(change agent) v\u00e0\u00a0<em>nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb<\/em>(manager). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi su\u00f4n s\u1ebb v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1<\/em>: l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p \u00edt s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c khi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211;\u00a0<em>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>: l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1eadm, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n hay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c khi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0 th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch force field c\u1ee7a Kurt Lewin, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a force field l\u00e0\u00a0<em>\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c (driving force) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng &#8211; restraining force)<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3\u00a0<em>\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi, c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t huy nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n m\u1edbi. Tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p>Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kurt Lewin, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n ra qua 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>L\u00e0m tan b\u0103ng<\/em>\u00a0(unfreezing): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i sang \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cl\u00e0m tan b\u0103ng\u201d x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>\u00a0(movement and transition): Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>\u0110\u00f3ng b\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i<\/em>\u00a0(refreezing): Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mong mu\u1ed1n. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1i c\u0169 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u0169.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sau:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Chi ph\u00ed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/em>\u00a0(direct cost): S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nhi\u1ec1u chi ph\u00ed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ngdo lo s\u1ee3 chi ph\u00ed cao l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn so v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Gi\u1eef th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n<\/em>\u00a0(keep face): S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Do lo s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean h\u1ecd b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 sai, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Lo s\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft<\/em>\u00a0(fear of unknown): S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169 v\u00ec h\u1ecd lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi, lo s\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, r\u1ee7i ro cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c cao h\u01a1n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao h\u01a1n, thu nh\u1eadp \u00edt h\u01a1n,&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 th\u00f3i quen c\u0169<\/em>\u00a0 (break old habits): S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch s\u1ef1 an nh\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u00edt c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung.\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 do lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi an to\u00e0n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, phong c\u00e1ch c\u0169 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00f3i quen cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh \u00ec l\u1edbn cho c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, do v\u1eady h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/em>\u00a0(unsuitable system): \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u0103n kho\u0103n, lo l\u1eafng. H\u1ecd lo s\u1ee3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nhu c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/em>\u00a0(unsuitable team\u2019s motivator): \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tham gia thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129. Sau khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n l\u00e0m cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra qua 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1i m\u1edbi<\/em><strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1i c\u0169, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1i m\u1edbi:\u00a0<\/em>S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu \u0111i, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u1edbi n\u1eefa m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1i c\u0169, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i c\u0169:<\/em>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i c\u0169 l\u1eabn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd b\u0103n kho\u0103n, nghi ng\u1edd c\u00e1i c\u0169, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n khi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i c\u0169, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u1edbi:\u00a0<\/em>V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1i c\u0169:<\/em>\u00a0Qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u0169 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do v\u1eady, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i,n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c<\/em>\u00a0(commMasterskillstion): M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5\u00a0 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ecdi n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i,k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thay \u0111\u1ed5i, qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u2026. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec hai chi\u1ec1u trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>Tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em>\u00a0(employees\u2019 participation): Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5ikh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ngay v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ea7nb\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t,c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0ytham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0(training): Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. T\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 y\u1ebfu, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00eanc\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng y\u1ebfu, c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, tay ngh\u1ec1; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00eanlo s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen,c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean quen v\u1edbi th\u00f3i quen m\u1edbi,&#8230; H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi,r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, do v\u1eady, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f4n n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>\u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean\u00a0<\/em><em>(incentive):<\/em>Tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb hay l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb hay l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m trong m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, tuy nhi\u00ean, trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1chi\u1ec7n theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1eabn phi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean.Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u201cti\u1ebfp th\u00eam n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>T\u1ea1o \u00e1pl\u1ef1c<\/em>\u00a0(manage by force): \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u00e1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin, qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ngch\u1ecbu t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i,ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ngay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i, tr\u00e1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>\u0110\u00e0m ph\u00e1n<\/em>\u00a0(negotiation): Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t hay nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tham gia t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<em>\u00c9p bu\u1ed9c<\/em>\u00a0(coercion): M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n,nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Khi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ecc\u1ea7n bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n<p>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. Th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u00e0 \u201c<em>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau!<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i? Theo P.Dejager, \u201cS\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0169 sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i c\u0169 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i m\u1edbi cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[168,174],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3701"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3701"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3701\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}