{"id":37782,"date":"2023-12-08T23:43:43","date_gmt":"2023-12-08T23:43:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/top-12-dinh-luat-hang-dau-ve-quan-ly-du-an-dinh-luat-so-2-5-8-11-rat-dang-luu-y.html"},"modified":"2023-12-12T01:58:54","modified_gmt":"2023-12-12T01:58:54","slug":"top-12-dinh-luat-hang-dau-ve-quan-ly-du-an-dinh-luat-so-2-5-8-11-rat-dang-luu-y","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/top-12-dinh-luat-hang-dau-ve-quan-ly-du-an-dinh-luat-so-2-5-8-11-rat-dang-luu-y.html","title":{"rendered":"Top 12 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n – \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 2, 5, 8, 11 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Khi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, PMBOK (c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Hoa K\u1ef3 PMI) c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. PMBOK \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 37 quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 176 trang trong n\u0103m 1996 l\u00ean 49 quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 793 trang (\u1edf PMBOK 6th Edition). Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cDanh s\u00e1ch Top xx\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Augustine: \u201cM\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3i\u201d. (Brainy Quote 2007) – Augustine’s Law: \u201cA bad idea executed to perfection is still a bad idea.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Norman R. Augustine l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Lockheed Martin v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cquan s\u00e1t m\u00e9o m\u00f3\u201d (\u201cwry observations\u201d) v\u1ec1 kinh doanh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0: \u201cM\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e9m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai.\u201d<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebd n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/em>. Khi ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c (portfolio), c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bao qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft t\u00f9y \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i (von Wieser, 1889). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecdn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c (Kinser, 2008). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (Control Gate) trong Quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 giao ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c WBS, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 (ROI – return on investment) l\u00e0 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt ti\u1ec1n d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 Leonardo da Vinci \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, \u201cvi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u1edf l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u so v\u1edbi \u1edf l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac.\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Alan Lakein l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n chuy\u00ean th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1-gi\u00fap-\u0111\u1ee1 (self-help) t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Lakein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n chia nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean A, B v\u00e0 C \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3); v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i\u2026\u201d (Lakein, 1974, trang 45). M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0: \u201cCh\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\u201d<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u201cC\u1ee9 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u201d (\u201cJust Do It\u201d)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c g\u1ea5p r\u00fat l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3\u201d (Graham & Englund, 1997, trang 68). L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; 24 trong s\u1ed1 49 quy tr\u00ecnh trong PMBOK 6th Edition n\u1eb1m trong Nh\u00f3m quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch (PMI, ). \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y, G\u00f3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cqu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (WBS). \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n\u201d ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t trong WBS v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 chi ti\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1o ra giao ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c giao ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch: \u0110\u1eb7t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n,\u00a0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh (PMI, ). C\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u201cK\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, v\u00ec k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00ean cao (overhead function), th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee9ng, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1eddi gian l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u201cJust Do It\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Saint Exup\u00e9ry: \u201c\u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i.\u201d – Saint Exup\u00e9ry’s Law:\u00a0\u201cPerfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Antoine de Saint Exup\u00e9ry l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng, anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed b\u00e9. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201cTrong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u2026\u201d (Saint Exup\u00e9ry, 1939, trang 42). H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u201cgi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ngu ng\u1ed1c\u201d (\u201ckeep it simple, stupid\u201d – KISS) trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u201ccung c\u1ea5p theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa\u2026\u201d (Kinser, 2008) (\u201cDeliver to the requirement, no less, and just as importantly, no more\u2026\u201d)<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c minh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c WBS<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea1m vi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a WBS kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 g\u00e1n, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch WBS ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n WBS c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/strong><\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh\u2026\u201d (PMI, 2004, trang 116). Nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra WBS t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, h\u1ecd n\u00ean h\u1ecfi, \u201cn\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, th\u00ec c\u00e1c giao ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0, h\u00e3y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi, \u201cli\u1ec7u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra giao ph\u1ea9m \u1edf tr\u00ean?\u201d\u00a0Ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea1m vi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c giao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c giao n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i<\/strong><\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec7m (padding estimate) th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hy sinh c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111ang mang l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Fitzgerald: \u201cC\u00f3 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn n\u00e0o: Qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.\u201d – Fitzgerald’s Law: \u201cThere are two states to any large project: Too early to tell and too late to stop.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Ernest Fitzgerald, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5i c\u00f2i ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Fitzgerald, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu: \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed ch\u00ecm; r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 chi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i\u201d (Stevenson, 1993, trang 304). M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c: m\u1ed9t khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra giao ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (EVM – Earned value management) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (Kinser, 2007). B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c EVM, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Do ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chi ph\u00ed (CPI) tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 20% trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 EVM ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cqu\u00e1 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i\u201d (Christensen & Heise, 1993).<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Suy ngh\u0129 \u201cm\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng b\u1ecf ra; chi ph\u00ed ch\u00ecm ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eady. Chi ph\u00ed ch\u00ecm kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1edbm c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi. G\u1eedi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t\u201d (Bohem, 2001). M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Parkinson: \u201cC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.\u201d – Parkinson’s Law: \u201cWork expands to fill the time available.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

C. Northcote Parkinson l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh\u201d, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (Parkinson, 1957, trang 1). H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i\u201d; v\u00e0, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

H\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t (deadline) cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd cho m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd; cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, anh \u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng sinh vi\u00ean – student syndrome), th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0n nh\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c \u201cd\u00e1t v\u00e0ng\u201d (gold plate\u201d giao ph\u1ea9m (Goldratt, 1996). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t\u201d t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00edt th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/em> tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n – Critical Path Method (CPM))<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Gantt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o trong c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y CPM. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi what-if v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho anh ta ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4 ta s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, chia s\u1ebb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Parkinson, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n (late start date), ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y-c\u00f3-th\u1ec3-tr\u1ec5 (float) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi gian d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Constantine: \u201cM\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c.\u201d – Constantine’s Law: \u201cA fool with a tool is still a fool.\u201d\u00a0(Ambler & Constantine, 2000, p. 124)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Larry Constantine l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0: \u201cM\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri\u201d (Software Agnostic)<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PMBOK ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa Post-it khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00faa, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111inh. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (trong khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4n ngoan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 sau khi hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n CPM ho\u1eb7c EVM trong l\u1edbp, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i thi PMP. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u1eadp sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Robert J. Graham l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Graham l\u00e0: N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m, h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Khi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u201cb\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1eady?\u201d l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 may l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 90% th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 giao ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra sau \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7, v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 cho ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m (team operating agreement – TOA) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o trong su\u1ed1t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 (t\u00e1i) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eadt h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00eam th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ea1m vi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

Tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 7 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y 9\/11 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. \u201c\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d, Chris Ward \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft. Chris Ward l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3ng v\u1ee5, l\u00e0 b\u00ean s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. \u201cTh\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 mong \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd\u201d (Roug, ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2008).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Murphy: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd sai.\u201d – Murphy’s Law: \u201cIf anything can go wrong, it will.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn cho Edward Aactsius Murphy, Jr., m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 M\u1ef9 tham gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n cho m\u00e1y bay (Spark, 2006 ). C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng hai h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd dung sai r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng \u201cMurphy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1c quan\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Murphy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c). Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh dung sai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4i r\u1ee7i ro (concept of risk homeostasis) c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t (Wilde, 2001). Wilde cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh r\u1ee7i ro ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng r\u1ee7i ro t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Murphy<\/strong><\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Murphy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Murphy l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. N\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sai v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Quy tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed – \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d – gi\u00fap nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ee7i ro (\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Murphy). Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

:\u00a07 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt O’Brochta: \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3.\u201d – O’Brochta’s Law: \u201cProject management is about applying common sense with uncommon discipline.\u201d (Zozer, Inc, 2008.)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Michael O’Brochta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. L\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea5p cao t\u1ea1i CIA, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c trong to\u00e0n c\u01a1 quan. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0: \u201cNh\u1eefng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u00fang\u201d (O’Brochta, 2008).<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ean l\u1eeda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra PMP l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng – Critical Path Method CPM) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (EVM). CPM y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p tr\u1eeb. EVM th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chia. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan nh\u1ea5t th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn PMBOK l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng Monte Carlo. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00edt h\u01a1n) \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (common sense).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cQuay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. H\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao, m\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/em>. R\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u1ed7i \u0111au li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u (ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i) m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c – gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 – k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u201cTr\u1eddi th\u00ec qu\u00e1 (n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh, \u1ea9m, gi\u00f3) ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i th\u00ec qu\u00e1 (m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay\u201d. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mong mu\u1ed1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n
  • \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n
  • Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n
  • Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn gia c\u1ed1<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

    James C. Kinser l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, chuy\u00ean gia hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. L\u1edbn l\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n mi\u1ec1n Nam Appalachia, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, anh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb n\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n.\u201d<\/p>\n

    C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Khi t\u00f4i kho\u1ea3ng 12 tu\u1ed5i, b\u1ed1 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ba t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cho c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00e1u t\u00f4i. B\u1ed1 t\u00f4i thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m nhanh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u1ed7 anh \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng b\u00fat ch\u00ec v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh chi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb. Gi\u1ea5y v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i; cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i \u0111i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1i c\u01b0a b\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a g\u1ed7 cho b\u1ed1 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft b\u00f3ng\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda sau. Sau khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1eaft g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch, b\u1ed1 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft m\u00e1y c\u01b0a, l\u00e0m t\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf quy m\u00f4, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u0103n l\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ef7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi, \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u1eaft h\u1ebft g\u1ed7, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ngay m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n sao?\u201d \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u201cKh\u00f4ng, b\u1ed1 ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m sai g\u00ec, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m hai c\u00e1i kia. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u201d B\u1ed1 t\u00f4i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i suy ngh\u0129, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o, \u201cV\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian con ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, con bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/p>\n

    M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt: \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 s\u1ebd l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00f3\u201d (Santayna, 1905). B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb n\u00f3. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac ho\u1eb7c h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu \/ danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft th\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc KISS); m\u1ed9t b\u00eca k\u1eb9p ba v\u00f2ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \/ l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Brooks: \u201cB\u1ed5 sung nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mu\u1ed9n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Fred Brooks, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n The Mythical Man-Month –\u00a0Brooks\u2019s Law: \u201cAdding manpower to a late software project makes it later.\u201d<\/strong> <\/span><\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Brooks l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo \u0111\u00f3 “th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mu\u1ed9n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00f3 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Fred Brooks \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1975 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u201cThe Mythical Man-Month\u201d. Theo Brooks, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia t\u0103ng, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edt th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt chung v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n (law of diminishing returns) trong kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    Theo ch\u00ednh Brooks, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a th\u00e1i qu\u00e1”, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy t\u1eafc chung. Brooks ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

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    • Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Brooks g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian “t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c”. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra; \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong code base, t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m (v\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi), c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i khi\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n
    • Chi ph\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng giao ti\u1ebfp t\u0103ng khi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u0103ng nhanh theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m.<\/li>\n
    • Th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n chia cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p ph\u00f2ng trong kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ed5 sung bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia; Brooks ch\u1ec9 ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n chia h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c: trong khi ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef sinh m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9, “ch\u00edn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh con trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng”.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Sowa: \u201cB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho X, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho X.\u201d\u00a0 – Sowa\u2019s Law: \u201cWhenever a major organization develops a new system as an official standard for X, the primary result is the widespread adoption of some simpler system as a de facto standard for X.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (Law of Standards) v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u PL \/ I d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c COBOL v\u00e0 FORTRAN tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh doanh<\/li>\n
      • Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Algol-68 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Pascal tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/li>\n
      • Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ada d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef C tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh DoD<\/li>\n
      • Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u OS \/ 2 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Windows tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho H\u0110H m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n<\/li>\n
      • Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u X.400 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c SMTP tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/li>\n
      • Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u X.500 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn LDAP tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u00a0<\/p>\n

        K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Khi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/p>\n

        ==<\/strong><\/p>\n

        T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p danh s\u00e1ch Top 12 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Augustine: \u201cM\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3i\u201d. (Brainy Quote 2007)<\/p>\n

        2. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Lakein: \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

        3. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Saint Exup\u00e9ry: \u201c\u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i.\u201d<\/p>\n

        4. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Fitzgerald: \u201cC\u00f3 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn n\u00e0o: Qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

        5. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Parkinson: \u201cC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.\u201d<\/p>\n

        6. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Constantine: \u201cM\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c.\u201d (Ambler & Constantine, 2000, trang 124)<\/p>\n

        7. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Graham: \u201cN\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec, h\u1ecd nghi ng\u1edd b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3.\u201d (Baker, Campbell, & Baker, 2007, trang 28)<\/p>\n

        8. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Murphy: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd.\u201d<\/p>\n

        9. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt O’Brochta: \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3.\u201d (Zozer, Inc, 2008)<\/p>\n

        10. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kinser: \u201cV\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.\u201d<\/p>\n

        11. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Brooks: \u201cB\u1ed5 sung nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mu\u1ed9n khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Fred Brooks, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n The Mythical Man-Month<\/p>\n

        12. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Sowa: \u201cB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho X, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho X.\u201d<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/p>\n

        Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

        Kinser, J. (2008). The top 10 laws of project management. Paper presented at PMI Global Congress 2008\u2014North America, Denver, CO. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.<\/em><\/p>\n

        The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering – Frederick Brooks<\/em><\/p>\n

        Law of Standards – Sowa, 1991<\/em><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/p>\n

        <\/strong><\/p>\n

        <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Khi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, PMBOK (c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Hoa K\u1ef3 PMI) c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. PMBOK \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 37 quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 176 trang trong n\u0103m 1996 l\u00ean 49 quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 793 trang (\u1edf PMBOK 6th Edition). Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[250],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37782"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37782"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37782\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}