{"id":40080,"date":"2023-12-10T01:52:15","date_gmt":"2023-12-10T01:52:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/5-thanh-kien-nhan-thuc-ngan-ban-dua-ra-quyet-dinh-dung-dan.html"},"modified":"2023-12-13T07:58:44","modified_gmt":"2023-12-13T07:58:44","slug":"5-thanh-kien-nhan-thuc-ngan-ban-dua-ra-quyet-dinh-dung-dan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/5-thanh-kien-nhan-thuc-ngan-ban-dua-ra-quyet-dinh-dung-dan.html","title":{"rendered":"5 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ng\u0103n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

T\u00f4i th\u00edch ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh logic v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi “\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray” c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy. Thi tho\u1ea3ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m x\u00fac chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u00fd tr\u00ed khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i t\u00ean hay ho nh\u01b0 “hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean”<\/em> (mere exposure effect) hay “li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n”<\/em> (narrative fallacy). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 5 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

1. Survivorship Bias (Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t)<\/h2>\n

G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft b\u1ecb “nhi\u1ec5m” th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 “8 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y”<\/em>, “L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Richard Branson t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”<\/em> hay “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n”<\/em>…., b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn “th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t” trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

\"Survivorship<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb h\u1ecd trong khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111ang luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a LeBron James nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kh\u1ee7ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f9a gi\u1ea3i NBA. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd leo l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh vinh quang c\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 nghe v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang “s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t”. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean t\u1eeb “ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t” trong khi ph\u1edbt l\u1edd th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c: “Richard Branson, Bill Gates v\u00e0 Mark Zuckerberg, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa! B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Richard Branson th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn n\u00f3. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Branson, Gates v\u00e0 Zuckerberg, c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecf d\u1edf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m. Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

Khi ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00e0 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

2. Loss Aversion (S\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t)<\/h2>\n

Loss Aversion ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 khao kh\u00e1t ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/strong> Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 cho b\u1ea1n 10 USD th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ch\u00fat c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t 10 USD th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Hai ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

\"Survivorship<\/p>\n

Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu ng\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb d\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao ch\u00fang trong so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau b\u1ea1n v\u1ee9t n\u00f3 \u0111i c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5. B\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec v\u00e0i l\u00fd do, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh. Hay m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng cho b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang c\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t”.<\/p>\n

3. Availability Heuristic (Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n)<\/h2>\n

Availability Heuristic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n”<\/em> ho\u1eb7c “c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3”.<\/em> Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 “l\u1ed7i t\u00e2m l\u00fd” n\u00e0y \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn do b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra: coi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t<\/strong>. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Survivorship<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi 100 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00fat 3 g\u00f3i thu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1edbt l\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Steven Pinker t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00edt b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong y\u00ean b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

\u0110a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y cho\u00e1ng khi nghe nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tin ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00ean b\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao hi\u1ec7n nay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady? T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u nghe \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m? T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 tin v\u00e0o “tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3”!<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda hay t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y qu\u00e1 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nhanh tr\u00ean Internet l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o gi\u1ea5y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 100 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nguy hi\u1ec3m x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t ri\u00eang t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng. V\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u00ean b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a nghe bao gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

4. Anchoring Effect (Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng “m\u1ecf neo”)<\/h2>\n

Anchoring \u2013 t\u00e2m l\u00fd “b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t” v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng “m\u1ecf neo”.<\/p>\n

\"Survivorship<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u01a1i t\u00f4i sinh ra. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n th\u1ecbt s\u00e0nh r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 pho m\u00e1t. Tr\u00ean menu \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, h\u1ecd b\u00f4i \u0111\u1eadm d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef: “gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 6 lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh burger”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Ai l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng 6 lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh burger?”<\/em><\/p>\n

Suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: “T\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a 6 lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t n\u00e0o?” (t\u00f2 m\u00f2).<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng “m\u1ecf neo”. B\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t v\u00e0o b\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef “gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 6 lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t”<\/em> tr\u00ean menu, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o con s\u1ed1 6.<\/p>\n

\u0110a ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi 6 lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a “m\u1ecf neo” n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 1 mi\u1ebfng l\u00ean 2 mi\u1ebfng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 6 mi\u1ebfng pho m\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00edt th\u1ecbt trong m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i “gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 3 c\u00e1i\/kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng”<\/em> khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i trong so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i “kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia Ch\u00e2u Phi tham gia Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111o\u00e1n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd quay m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 10 ho\u1eb7c 65. Khi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean quay \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o \u00f4 65 th\u00ec m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 45%. Khi quay v\u00e0o \u00f4 10 th\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 25%. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u00fang nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 cao tr\u00ean b\u00e1nh xe).<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng m\u1ecf neo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 ghi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 500 USD th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi tr\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111i d\u1ea1o trong c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 5.000 USD \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea7y th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean con s\u1ed1 500 USD d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cao c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o “m\u1ecf neo” trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mua c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 “r\u1ebb h\u01a1n” r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

5. Confirmation Bias (Thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn)<\/h2>\n

Confirmation Bias (thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn) \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, ni\u1ec1m tin hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang c\u00f3 theo nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, <\/strong>\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta nghi ng\u1edd ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Survivorship<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, A tin r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, A ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu hay n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay th\u1ebf. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, A ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 anh ta tin.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, B kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, B ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u1eeba nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, B ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 anh ta tin.<\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea1n cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n may m\u1eafn khi m\u1eb7c \u00e1o \u0111\u1ecf. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua l\u00fac may m\u1eafn kh\u00e1c khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o \u0111\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y ra g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc Honda Accord v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ca ng\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau xe tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 xe \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3 v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c hay cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Thay v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, sau \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

V\u1eady b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: “T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y! T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i! L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3?”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t hay nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Thay v\u00ec ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3 “v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1” th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c “l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft” m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, khi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o qu\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (Self-awareness)<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Do v\u1eady, h\u00e3y r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i th\u00edch ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[452],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40080"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40080"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40080\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}