{"id":4072,"date":"2023-11-30T02:14:38","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T02:14:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/?p=4072"},"modified":"2023-12-21T09:34:58","modified_gmt":"2023-12-21T02:34:58","slug":"bai-hoc-kaizen-tu-ohno-bi-mat-nam-o-dau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/bai-hoc-kaizen-tu-ohno-bi-mat-nam-o-dau.html","title":{"rendered":"B\u00c0I H\u1eccC KAIZEN T\u1eea OHNO: B\u00cd M\u1eacT N\u1eb0M \u1ede \u0110\u00c2U?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Toyota v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TWI (Training Within Industry)<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0v\u1edbi John Shook, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec Taiichi Ohno \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TWI.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 Ohno \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao (5-Whys*<\/strong><\/em>) th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng tin, sau \u0111\u00f3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp theo.
\nD\u00f9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u201clean\u201d trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 40 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Cha t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. \u1ede tu\u1ed5i l\u00ean 3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i c\u00f9ng anh ta \u0111\u1ec3 xem ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Theo th\u1eddi gian t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eafm b\u1eaft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng .. ho\u1eb7c\u00a0d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (FLOW)<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng \u201cPh\u1ea3i chi\u201d ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0nh vi X\u201d, th\u00ec \u1eaft h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ed3i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 th\u1eed nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng \u201cPh\u1ea3i chi\u201d ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec \u1eaft h\u1eb3n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng SPC (Statistical Process Control \u2013 Quy tr\u00ecnh Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea) v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u2026 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Anh sang ISO, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn ISO. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cli\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c\u201d c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng \u201cPh\u1ea3i chi\u201d ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. V\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u2026 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Toyota.
\nT\u01b0 duy \u201cPh\u1ea3i chi\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cPh\u1ea3i chi\u201d ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0\u201d Toyota, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Hai th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Toyota v\u00e0 \u201cLEAN\u201d nh\u1eb1m d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 Toyota \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p ch\u00fang. V\u1eady l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cLEAN\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988 v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Toyota.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Toyota v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty g\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1950 sang nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 TWI b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. David Meier l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft n\u01a1i t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c (c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u k\u00fd \u2013 m\u1ed7i bang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 1 c\u00e1i).
\nL\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 LEAn c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cT<\/strong>he Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota<\/strong><\/em>\u201d (S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Toyota) c\u1ee7a Takahiro Fujimoto \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n g\u1ee3i ra r\u1eb1ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m (trial and error).<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 Eiji Toyoda (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Toyota) v\u00e0 Shotaro Kamiya (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Toyota Motor Sales) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Toyota. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng\u00a0y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/em>\u00a0quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong khi Taiichi Ohno th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sao ch\u00e9p Ford nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (TPS \u2013 Toyota Production System) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c\u00a0l\u00e0m theo<\/em>\u00a0nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, sang vi\u1ec7c\u00a0tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh<\/em>\u00a0m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (Production System) l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m (tr\u00e1i tim \u1edf h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c (HOW) ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai, cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u2026, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ma tr\u1eadn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Ma tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ra xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c (HOW) m\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Toyota \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh vi, v.v \u2026 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 LEAN\u201d (c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p) kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ohno l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a LEAN l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u201cl\u00e3ng ph\u00ed\u201d. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u201cl\u00e3ng ph\u00ed\u201d n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0\u00a0t\u1ea1i sao<\/strong><\/em>?<\/p>\n

Ohno \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang Toyota. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i theo d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (FLOW) (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Uneo n\u0103m 1917, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i theo d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y).<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Ueno (ho\u1eb7c Uyeno) truy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u1edbi Taylor, Gilbreth, Carpenter v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y- FLOW c\u1ee7a Ford \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u2013 progressive system. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u2013 FLOW \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a FLOW nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng\u00a0gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n (disruption)<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c -M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (xem h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (FLOW)<\/strong><\/em>
\n1. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1
\n2. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh
\n3. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c
\n4. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/p>\n

Ohno \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u2013 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a03 M\u2019s \u2013 Muda, Mura, Muri<\/strong><\/em>. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Muda, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e3ng ph\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (FLOW) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang? B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i sau khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i (minh h\u1ecda b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi) khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 sao ch\u00e9p Toyota th\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1951, Taiichi Ohno \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TWI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o:\u00a0H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (Job Instruction \u2013 JI), C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (Job Relations \u2013 JR),\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (Job Methods \u2013 JM)<\/strong><\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a John Shook \u2026 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TWI<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u2018\u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c\u2019, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 LEAN\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng TWI \u2026 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a C\u00c1CH b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan t\u1ecfa (ripple effect) \u2026 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi \u0111ua ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 LEAN?<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (FLOW) l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. H\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u2026 sau khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecdn ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t\u00a0l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n trong quy tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/a>.
\nH\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngay t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, tuy nhi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.
\nV\u1eady th\u00ec, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u201cLEAN\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u01a1i m\u00e0, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cLearning by Doing\u201d (h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh). (T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 LEAN \u2013 t\u1eeb 1 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn 10+.)<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1 \u2013 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fac gang c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn (ph\u1ea7n 5 t\u1ea5n)<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2 \u2013 Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p linh ki\u1ec7n \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3 \u2013 Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n hu\u1ef3nh quang nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn<\/strong>
\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef U \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng, u\u1ed1n cong, ph\u1ee7, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eafp r\u00e1p l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c m\u00e1y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf t\u1eebng ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u00ecn chung, vi\u1ec7c n\u1ee9t v\u00e0 v\u1ee1 \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00ec h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf k\u00ednh (h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0m \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee1 \u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang ca th\u1ee9 hai. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, h\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 70% \u2026 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y!<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t mang t\u00ednh th\u00edch nghi<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014-<\/p>\n

*5-Whys: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Toyota v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TWI (Training Within Industry)\u00a0v\u1edbi John Shook, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec Taiichi Ohno \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c\u00a0ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh TWI. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1eed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4072"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4072"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4072\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4072"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}