{"id":41064,"date":"2023-12-10T02:28:32","date_gmt":"2023-12-10T02:28:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/hieu-ung-pygmalion-va-ung-dung-trong-hoat-dong-quan-ly-tai-doanh-nghiep-phan-1.html"},"modified":"2023-12-13T05:08:44","modified_gmt":"2023-12-13T05:08:44","slug":"hieu-ung-pygmalion-va-ung-dung-trong-hoat-dong-quan-ly-tai-doanh-nghiep-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/hieu-ung-pygmalion-va-ung-dung-trong-hoat-dong-quan-ly-tai-doanh-nghiep-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Pygmalion v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i doanh nghi\u1ec7p (ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/span> B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 J. Sterling Livingston \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh Harvard trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1941 \u2013 1971. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Sterling \u2013 c\u00f4ng ty cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u2013 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trung t\u00e2m Sterling h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Key Biscayne, bang Florida.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c” (self-fulfilling prophecies)<\/strong><\/em>: N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tin m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eadm hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u1eadm. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh may m\u1eafn kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadn b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c”<\/em>, h\u00f3a ra, c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o top \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ed9i \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong><\/p>\n

J. Sterling Livingston<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc b\u00ed \u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Pygmalion<\/strong> \u2013 vua \u0111\u1ea3o Cyprus, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi t\u00e0i \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, t\u1eebng y\u00eau m\u00ea m\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1c ra. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc “t\u00ecnh y\u00eau” \u0111\u00f3, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Aphrodite \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i h\u1ed3n cho b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, Livingston s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi George Bernard Shaw \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ecbch Pygmalion<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/strong> Trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i g\u1ee3i \u00fd mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd: T\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ea5p cao (Supervisor) nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cao cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea1n (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng t\u00ean, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Henry Higgins qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 “bi\u1ebfn” c\u00f4 g\u00e1i qu\u00ea m\u00f9a Eliza tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd b\u00e0 sang tr\u1ecdng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, Eliza th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd b\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00f4, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng trang ph\u1ee5c, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb hay c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0 c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

\"Pygmalion<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n
\n

B\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra (c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c, c\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 khi n\u00f3i…) th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd b\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u1ea7m hoa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 c\u01b0 x\u1eed m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Huggins, t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u1ea7m hoa v\u00ec \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u1ea7m hoa v\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00fd b\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i l\u00e0 qu\u00fd b\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean Higgins, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cao, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p th\u00ec n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (case study) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb trong kho\u1ea3ng 10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9:<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/h2>\n

\"Pygmalion<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961 b\u1edfi Alfred Oberlander \u2013 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c Rockaway thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m Metropolitan Life. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m k\u00e9m hay trung b\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Oberlander \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m 6 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc (nh\u00f3m 1) c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, 6 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd (c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c) trung b\u00ecnh (nh\u00f3m 2) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t (nh\u00f3m 3). Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho nh\u00f3m 1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2\/3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau th\u1eddi gian th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\n

Ngay sau khi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u coi nh\u00f3m 1 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng “nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao” b\u1edfi v\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m 1 trong h\u01a1n 12 tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i… ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00e9m s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m 1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 40%.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c “nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t (nh\u00f3m 3) – “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao nh\u1ea5t” – <\/em>th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng lan r\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh (nh\u00f3m 2) l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t “\u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng”. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00e9m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m 1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y. C\u00f4 lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 “m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m 1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i”.<\/em> \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f4 c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m 1. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng (t\u00ednh theo ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m) cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m trung b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 “n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trung b\u00ecnh”, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Eliza trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd b\u00e0 thay v\u00ec chi\u1ec1u theo \u00fd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u1ea7m hoa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng chung v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\"Pygmalion<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong kinh doanh. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 1 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7, Albert Moll \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u01b0 x\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

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Trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc, Robert Rosenthal c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a “gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Headstart di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 60 h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai ti\u1ebfp thu nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129. Trong y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng placebo<\/strong>, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

Khi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng “si\u00eau sao” th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c “nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao” t\u1ea1i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Rockaway n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd “s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3”<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p, h\u1ecd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i “ch\u1ed1t sale” n\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “c\u00e1i t\u00f4i” \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u01b0 x\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng “gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t” c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n

\"Pygmalion<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng x\u1ea3y ra do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch che gi\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tin r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111eo “chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cao”<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t khi h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u2013 l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c tin r\u1eb1ng anh ta ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4 ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed “im l\u1eb7ng” n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f4i khi, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1ch m\u1eafng. \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 thi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u01b0 x\u1eed. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/p>\n

\n

Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c Rockaway ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t (nh\u00f3m 3) \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m 3 s\u1ebd th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c. Khi nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i khi c\u00f4 r\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i: “Kh\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9”.<\/em> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00f4 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 sao ch\u00e9p y chang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng khu v\u1ef1c Rockaway, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng trung b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trung b\u00ecnh… Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec t\u00f2 m\u00f2, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c Rockaway \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng anh \u0111ang t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nghi ng\u1edd gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ebfp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng, th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1edd h\u1eefng \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t. V\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cao kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea3. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean – kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 – l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

(Trong ph\u1ea7n 2<\/strong>, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng pygmalion trong qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb s\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/span> B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 J. Sterling Livingston \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh Harvard trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1941 \u2013 1971. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Sterling \u2013 c\u00f4ng ty cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u2013 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trung t\u00e2m Sterling h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Key Biscayne, bang Florida.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[452],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41064"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41064"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41064\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}