{"id":4400,"date":"2023-11-30T00:35:05","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T00:35:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/?p=4400"},"modified":"2023-11-30T02:12:01","modified_gmt":"2023-11-30T02:12:01","slug":"khai-niem-ve-tu-duy-phan-bien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/khai-niem-ve-tu-duy-phan-bien.html","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m V\u1ec1 T\u01b0 Duy Ph\u1ea3n Bi\u1ec7n"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n\u00a0bi\u1ec7n\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy\u00a0<\/a>nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh hay gi\u1ea3\u00a0thi\u1ebft.\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3\u00a0kh\u1eb3ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u00fang\u00a0hay sai,\u00a0\u0111\u00f4i khi\u00a0\u0111\u00fang, hay c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n\u00a0\u0111\u00fang. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n\u00a0bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u01b0\u00a0t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u00a0duy\u00a0theo l\u1ed1i Socrat c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5, c\u00f2n\u00a0\u1edf\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 trong kinh V\u1ec7<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a\u00a0nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. T\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1\u00a0quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ngh\u1ec1\u00a0nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean\u00a0m\u00f4n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng\u00a0\u0111\u00e1ng\u00a0k\u1ec3<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1\u00a0ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u00a0c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng\u00a0qua\u00a0\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, tuy c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\u00a0gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1\u00a0\u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1\u00a0c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n\u00a0\u0111\u1ec1\u00a0n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00f3 l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec\u201d. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy\u201d. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ed9 khung kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh dung ra hay m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn; l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi hay nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00a0v\u00e0 T\u1eeb\u00a0nguy\u00ean\u00a0h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 khung tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb 2500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 trong kinh Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kinh V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Socrat c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 logic hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u201d (critical)<\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu\u201d (crucial)\u00a0<\/em>hay \u201cli\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i\u201d\u00a0(related to core criteria)<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cti\u00eau ch\u00ed\u201d (kriterion)\u00a0<\/strong>c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n\u201d (standards)<\/em>; m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb\u00a0kriticos<\/strong>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cnh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t\u201d(\u00a0discerning judgment)<\/em>.. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed9 khung tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft gia \u0110\u1ee9cJ\u00fcrgen Habermas\u00a0\u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1970.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c minh ch\u1ee9ng, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cT\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u201d bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, hay m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u201cPh\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u201d hay \u201cph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u201d trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d hay \u201cti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d. C\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 thi cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ef9 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh; hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2026. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n n\u1ea3y sinh khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; n\u00f3i chung, khi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i suy t\u00ednh xem m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec hay tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft, n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nghe \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. Trong m\u1ecdi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung nh\u1ea5t, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d<\/p>\n

K\u1ef9\u00a0n\u0103ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, suy lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, v\u00e0 tri nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00ec s\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Minh ch\u1ee9ng qua quan s\u00e1t<\/p>\n

\u00b7 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong t\u1ea7m tay<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng g\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 logic m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m r\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng:<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5<\/p>\n

\u00b7 L\u0129nh h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c minh ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n

\u00b7 Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

\u00b7 R\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0110\u01b0a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a \u1ea5y ra ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

\u00b7 X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n<\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0110\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u1eb1m xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn xa h\u01a1n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0\u00a0khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u01af\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1\u00a0ph\u00ea\u00a0ph\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. T\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u2013 th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u2013 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 suy lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean trong. T\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, phi logic, hay t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, do ng\u1edd ngh\u1ec7ch hay do kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u2026.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong khi d\u00f9ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta coi c\u00e1c minh ch\u1ee9ng (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra), b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong t\u1ea7m tay. \u2026.<\/p>\n

N\u0103ng\u00a0l\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 logic (ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m r\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quan y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f3i quen hay\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f3i quen t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c suy ngh\u0129 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c minh ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u; m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1edfi m\u1edf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 tin v\u1ec1 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n\u00a0bi\u1ec7n<\/em>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1\u00a0T\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, can \u0111\u1ea3m, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng minh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e v\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 quan.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m quan\u00a0tr\u1ecdng<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc (qua d\u1eabn ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n minh ch\u1ee9ng hay ti\u00eau ch\u00ed, v.v.). Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi khoa h\u1ecdc, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay suy ngh\u0129 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u1ea7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn logic, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m do thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hay do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 coi c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, t\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ea1c.v.v. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc tri nh\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y cho sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/p>\n

John Dewey ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n trong khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. C\u00f3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. \u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai n\u1ea3y sinh khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o gi\u1ecfi s\u1ebd nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh trong m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Oxford, Duham, Cambridge v\u00e0 London School of Economics. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia Socrat. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y vun \u0111\u1eafp t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n cho sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u01b0 duy, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed7i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung t\u1eebng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu. M\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o gi\u1ecfi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00edch th\u00edch suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n\u00a0bi\u1ec7n\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy\u00a0nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh hay gi\u1ea3\u00a0thi\u1ebft.\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3\u00a0kh\u1eb3ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn\u00a0\u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u00fang\u00a0hay sai,\u00a0\u0111\u00f4i khi\u00a0\u0111\u00fang, hay c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n\u00a0\u0111\u00fang. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u00a0duy ph\u1ea3n\u00a0bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u01b0\u00a0t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u00a0duy\u00a0theo l\u1ed1i Socrat c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5, c\u00f2n\u00a0\u1edf\u00a0ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0\u0110\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 trong kinh […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4400"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4400"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4400\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4400"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4400"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4400"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}