T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ebf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang sai; ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c l\u00fd do thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn; v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t: t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, t\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 logic, t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng minh. Ta h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn t\u1eebng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
T\u00cdNH R\u00d5 R\u00c0NG<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 hay tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i. Kh\u1ed5 n\u1ed7i, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 v\u00ec \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00fang cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do th\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng minh, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hay s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. H\u00e3y x\u00e9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y trong\u00a0T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian<\/em>, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia Martin Heidegger:<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi t\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, ki\u1ec7n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ecda tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y n\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac lo toan. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a lo toan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau theo c\u00e1ch t\u00edch t\u1ee5, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1eddi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau “theo d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian” [“mit der Zeit”] \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “l\u00e0” m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian… Th\u1eddi t\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Dasein tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n\u00a0v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u1ee9 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai. D\u00f9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0\u00a0William Strunk Jr. v\u00e0 E. B. White nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u00a0C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n phong<\/em>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: “\u201cT\u00ednh\u00a0m\u00f9 m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 r\u1ed1i v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t hy v\u1ecdng: c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u giao th\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra, tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n r\u1ea1n v\u1ee1 do m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1ea7m ch\u1ed7 trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p…”<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9\u00a0b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng sai hay nh\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH CH\u00cdNH X\u00c1C<\/p>\n C\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n trinh th\u00e1m c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00e1m t\u1eed n\u1ed5i danh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Sherlock Holmes, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Anh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Doyle, Holmes th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi c\u00e1c th\u00e1m t\u1eed v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a\u00a0ScotlandYard\u00a0(S\u1edf C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4) th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t manh m\u1ed1i n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n B\u00ed\u00a0quy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 anh ta th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, Holmes c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua. Sau \u0111\u00f3, qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy lu\u1eadn logic ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng manh m\u1ed1i \u1ea5y m\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n Ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 y h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111ang bao quanh nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec ta \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec? Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf? Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f3i quen ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ta m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH CHU\u1ea8N X\u00c1C<\/p>\n C\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh: “Garbage in, garbage out”. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng tin sai th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin sai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi c\u1ee1 n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, th\u00ec g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin sai. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can d\u1ef1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o David Halberstam, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t” trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y tranh c\u00e3i; nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 do th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 ra: s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1c quan qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 “ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9” c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 v.v. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 cao s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, cha m\u1eb9, h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e2u n\u00f3i l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a Socrates r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tra x\u00e9t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tra v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH LI\u00caN QUAN X\u00c1C \u0110\u00c1NG<\/p>\n B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai t\u1eebng ng\u1ed3i d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c xem m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd vu kh\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Abraham Lincoln c\u0169ng x\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y do \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng minh h\u1ecda:<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n [Stephen T.] Logan – lu\u00f4n tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 trang nghi\u00eam – ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4ng \u1ea5y, Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn phong c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Logan. \u00d4ng d\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd cho ph\u1ea7n sau, khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd: “Th\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ng\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Logan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng \u1ea5y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi phi\u00ean t\u00f2a n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u0129 t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c c\u00e1i \u00e1o cho \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.” Logan \u0111\u1ecf m\u1eb7t t\u00eda tai, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean Lincoln \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o s\u01a1-mi m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o nh\u1ea7m n\u00f3 qua \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p \u1edf sau ng\u1ef1c. Ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed9 l\u00ean kh\u1eafp ph\u00f2ng x\u1eed \u00e1n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau m\u1ecdi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Logan tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n – v\u00e0 Lincoln ch\u1eb3ng mong g\u00ec h\u01a1n th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Chi\u00eau th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Lincoln r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n suy ngh\u0129 v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, h\u1eb3n h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n trong c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 logic n\u00e0o v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH NH\u1ea4T QU\u00c1N<\/p>\n Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Logic h\u1ecdc cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi nhau, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i sai. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 cao ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, c\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 ta n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 logic, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i hay tin nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n (nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Hai l\u00e0, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t n\u1ebbo.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia khi n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ph\u1edbt l\u1edd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a khi tranh c\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o qua k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft qu\u1ea3 tang ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ma t\u00fay b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00ec b\u00e1n rong ma t\u00fay \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec, ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y n\u00eau b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Harold Kushner \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n H\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xem \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ta \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n hay ch\u0103m lo gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 xem. H\u00e3y xem anh ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 anh ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh ta n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Anh ta t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu anh ta s\u00e1ng \u0111i l\u00e0m s\u1edbm v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 mu\u1ed9n v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, anh ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf anh ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh to\u00e0n t\u00e2m to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o qua vi\u1ec7c v\u1eaft ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o.<\/p>\n T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cho ph\u00e9p ta xem x\u00e9t ch\u00fang tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u00fd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 Socrates \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n logic v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng “\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i” trong khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ta nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 logic nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf hay, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1nh xa ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH \u0110\u00daNG \u0110\u1eaeN V\u1ec0 LOGIC<\/p>\n Suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 logic l\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy theo l\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 logic. Kh\u1ed5 n\u1ed7i, t\u01b0 duy phi logic l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Bertrand Russell, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng “M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 r\u00e1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7” cung c\u1ea5p cho ta m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00fa v\u1ecb:<\/p>\n \u0110\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eafm n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng cho\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o t\u1eafm. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn tr\u1ed9m h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e2u, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1p: “\u1ed2, anh qu\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa l\u00f2ng l\u00e0nh \u00e0.” R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n minh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb Nh\u00ecn tr\u1ed9m, s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho ph\u00e9p Ng\u00e0i nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean qua chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o t\u1eafm. Quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u00f2 m\u00f2.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0\u00a0Russell quan s\u00e1t, t\u1eeb m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1:<\/p>\n 1. Ch\u00faa nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn:<\/p>\n 2. Ch\u00faa nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n 3. Ch\u00faa nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean qua \u00e1o t\u1eafm.<\/p>\n C\u00e1i th\u1ee9 phi logic nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, r\u1ea5t \u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 – nh\u01b0ng than \u00f4i, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH\u00a0HO\u00c0N CH\u1ec8NH<\/p>\n Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, ta \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn qua loa c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn l\u00e1i xe s\u01a1 s\u00e0i, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ec7nh v\u1ed9i v\u00e3. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng ai mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gien ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung, suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n suy ngh\u0129 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n suy ngh\u0129 h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t.<\/p>\n T\u00cdNH C\u00d4NG MINH<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng xa l\u1ea1, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn, r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia hay nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m; trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ta tri gi\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ta. D\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng minh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ebf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang sai; ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4403"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4403"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4403\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4403"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4403"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4403"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}