{"id":4418,"date":"2023-11-30T00:22:52","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T00:22:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/?p=4418"},"modified":"2023-11-29T15:16:32","modified_gmt":"2023-11-29T15:16:32","slug":"vai-tro-cua-tu-duy-phan-bien-trong-doi-song-xa-hoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/vai-tro-cua-tu-duy-phan-bien-trong-doi-song-xa-hoi.html","title":{"rendered":"Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n (critical thinking) c\u00f3 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong kinh Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kinh V\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0\u00c2\u00c2\u00c2\u00c2\u00a0A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Socrat. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Socrat \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a J. Dewey (1859-1952) – nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 – th\u00ec t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. J. Dewey g\u1ecdi t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, l\u00fd l\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang sai, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, duy tr\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i hay t\u00ecm t\u00f2i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh (ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 trong t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n), \u201ct\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy\u201d hay \u201ct\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n: \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc; kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i, kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn; s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, can \u0111\u1ea3m, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i; n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng; v.v..<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m: T\u01b0 duy t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n (xu h\u01b0\u1edbng xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n); T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh (ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a chi\u1ec1u, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i). T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng: quan s\u00e1t (nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng); n\u00eau c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi (t\u1ea1i sao, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o); s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4g\u00edch (k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi nhau) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi; t\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00e1i t\u00f4i\u201d ra kh\u1ecfi khung c\u1ea3nh; ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (g\u1ecdi t\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan, t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, n\u00eau gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i (nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau); \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 (kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn); n\u00eau nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a\/kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3; n\u00eau k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4g\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi; v.v.. Nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m: n\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn; ch\u1ec9 ra kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn; v.v..<\/p>\n

S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf mang t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cao, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c; s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng; s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u00f4g\u00edch; s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00f4ng t\u00e2m; s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc; s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p; v.v. c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m: kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 quan ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi th\u1ea5y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng; kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, ch\u01b0a kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng; ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (h\u00e0nh vi) \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v.v..<\/p>\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m: s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ni\u1ec1m tin hay gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn xa h\u01a1n; suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u1ec1m tin hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t, giao ti\u1ebfp, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn; s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi; xem x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai; s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn theo l\u1ed1i m\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c; kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u00f4g\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, t\u1ea7m r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng; v.v..<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn; s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t suy di\u1ec5n l\u00f4g\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4g\u00edch; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng; n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng; v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p; l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft; ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi: kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn (ham t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd, th\u00edch s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, bi\u1ebft xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh); bi\u1ebft v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (\u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin tin c\u1eady, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00e1ch quan, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd); c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tranh lu\u1eadn (\u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng), suy lu\u1eadn (r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00f4g\u00edch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u), xem x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n (ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m); v.v..<\/p>\n

K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m: thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00fang theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; quan s\u00e1t, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p; c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh; l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ho\u00e0i nghi theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc; li\u00ean h\u1ec7, so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m; \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng quanh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1; suy lu\u1eadn, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m; hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ednh \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u1ed9i dung trong gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a, ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ni\u1ec1m tin, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh; v.v.. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, ho\u00e0i nghi, t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4g\u00edch, \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn; v.v..<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m: \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o (suy ngh\u0129, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, so s\u00e1nh, suy x\u00e9t, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v.v.); t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda. Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft (ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh) – b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh) – b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u (c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean) – th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean) – n\u00e2ng cao (ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1ch quan, trau d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

2. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, th\u00f3i quen c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n; h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn; t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; t\u1ea1o t\u00e2m th\u1ebf s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi, k\u00edch th\u00edch kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/div>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau; kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 quan, duy \u00fd ch\u00ed; suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 \u1edf m\u1ecdi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc; \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi tranh lu\u1eadn; s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn; d\u00e1m th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u00ecn ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, sai l\u1ea7m d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u; c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng tin; kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin; tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m\/lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng; d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ee7i ro, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1i c\u0169 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00fd; k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n; ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd; ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m; r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong>, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,<\/strong> t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin, ch\u1ea1y theo d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, tin \u0111\u1ed3n; thu nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau; ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hay, c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n nay, khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, lan truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady; m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin. V\u1edbi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc – c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/strong>, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc; tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh, s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c – \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/strong>, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c – \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c – \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bao h\u00e0m t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch n\u00eau v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin, tri th\u1ee9c. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c – \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c: l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m; chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean l\u1edbp sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a; chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb cung c\u1ea5p tri th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sang cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu; chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sang \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu; v.v. nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, d\u00e1m ngh\u0129, d\u00e1m l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u01b0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[200],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4418"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4418"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4418\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4418"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}