T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ta ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta? Li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi?<\/p>\n
V\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Con \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 “hay ra l\u1ec7nh” ho\u1eb7c “c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m”, trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con \u00fat \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 “v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m” ho\u1eb7c “b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng”. Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebft giao v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 con \u00fat.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed PNAS (K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3) cho r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c con \u00fat thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n
Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, g\u1ea7n 4.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 5 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch: s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf.<\/p>\n
Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t \u00edt b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian hay v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n? C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi ch\u00fang ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 lo l\u1eafng, s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. Theo nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Paul T. Costa Jr., t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh khi ch\u00fang ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean.<\/p>\n
Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1edd New York Times, \u00f4ng cho hay: “Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi h\u1ecd gi\u00e0 \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2014 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd”.<\/p>\n
G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m trong khi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. S\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh tim. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 n\u0103m c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh: nh\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u, hen suy\u1ec5n, vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp, lo\u00e9t d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tim.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c th\u00ec g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ng\u1eafn.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o th\u00fa c\u01b0ng y\u00eau qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (t\u1eeb nh\u1ec7n, chim \u0111\u1ebfn voi) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch, h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c g\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u01b0 Gordon Allport cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 4.000 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Raymond Cattell cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 16.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u0103m kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. T\u1eeb l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf th\u00edch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong khi b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1edf th\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Toronto cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt cao h\u01a1n, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf th\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n
Khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 danh t\u00ednh tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Suy cho c\u00f9ng, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda v\u00e0 duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u0103ng.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 Facebook th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a 236 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, t\u1eadn t\u00e2m, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 Facebook c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ki\u00eam t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Sam Gosling gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo hai c\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.”<\/p>\n
\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 9,1% ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng\u00a0r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ranh gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Gordon Allport \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chi ph\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y: Freudian (ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Freud), Machiavellian (x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng Machiavelli), \u00e1i k\u1ef7 (narcissistic), Don Juan v\u00e0 Christ-like (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa Jesus). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edf th\u00edch, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch ch\u00f3” hay “ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch m\u00e8o” h\u01a1n? Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 4.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia xem h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch ch\u00f3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch m\u00e8o h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m, c\u1edfi m\u1edf, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch m\u00e8o c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
Theo nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Sam Gosling, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Texas-Austin, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c\u00a0tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng th\u00fa c\u01b0ng\u00a0(pet therapy). B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ta ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[205],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4731"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4731"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4731\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}