{"id":50244,"date":"2023-12-17T06:56:41","date_gmt":"2023-12-17T06:56:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/tong-hop-cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-c-va-goi-y-tra-loi.html"},"modified":"2023-12-17T06:56:41","modified_gmt":"2023-12-17T06:56:41","slug":"tong-hop-cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-c-va-goi-y-tra-loi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/tong-hop-cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-c-va-goi-y-tra-loi.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p C\u00e1c C\u00e2u H\u1ecfi Ph\u1ecfng V\u1ea5n C++ V\u00e0 G\u1ee3i \u00dd Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c IT, khi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. B\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++<\/strong> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Masterskills \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u01b0ng \u00fd nh\u1ea5t!<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 trong C++ l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++ th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. C\u00f3 4 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong C++, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

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  • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n). V\u00ed d\u1ee5- char, short, int, float, long, double, bool, v.v.<\/li>\n
  • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5- array, pointer, v.v.<\/li>\n
  • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u1ec7t k\u00ea. V\u00ed d\u1ee5- enum<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5- structure, class, v.v.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1edbp (class) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (object) trong C++<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    Trong C++, class hay l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a object \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a class.<\/p>\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a object \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t class \u2013 l\u1edbp. Khi n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a C++ l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++ d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 C l\u1eabn C++. C++ kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef C, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n

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    • C++ l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng cao, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef C++ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
    • C++ l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, \u0111a h\u00ecnh, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
    • C++ c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00e3 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
    • \u1ea8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi hacker.<\/li>\n
    • C++ ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      H\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p while v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p do-while trong C++<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      V\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p while x\u00e1c minh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n; n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sai. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 sai trong v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p while, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c thi b\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p do-while, m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p do-while l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p do-while l\u00e0 sai, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

      B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      C\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0m main. Tuy nhi\u00ean ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c thi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec h\u00e0m main() l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb h\u00e0m main, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

      Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ed1?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \u2013 prefix (++i), \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u00f3 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 g\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 \u2013 postfix (i++), n\u00f3 g\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

      B\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111a h\u00ecnh trong C++?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111a h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++.<\/p>\n

      T\u00ednh \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. T\u00ednh \u0111a h\u00ecnh trong C++ c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi.<\/p>\n

      Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1ea3o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i trong l\u1edbp d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u1ea3o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a virtual. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1ea3o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o l\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi tham chi\u1ebfu hay con tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi h\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1ea3o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

      Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a trong C++ l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9n c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c \u1ea9n c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      Ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp C++ kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++, ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

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      • Public: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
      • Protected: \u1ede trong l\u1edbp (class) v\u00e0 l\u1edbp d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
      • Private: H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i h\u00e0m hu\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u01b0a ra l\u00fd do cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i h\u00e0m h\u1ee7y. H\u00e0m h\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i h\u00e0m h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

        B\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u0129nh?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Khi m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai b\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng gian d\u00e0nh cho n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u0129nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

        H\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp h\u00e0m t\u0129nh b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 to\u00e1n t\u1eed ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/p>\n

        Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m C++ OOP\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m OOP trong C++ c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Object: B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
        • Class: T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
        • Inheritance: C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0o l\u1edbp con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/li>\n
        • Polymorphism: L\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng.<\/li>\n
        • Encapsulation: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb.<\/li>\n
        • Abstraction: \u1ea8n c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          G\u1ecdi theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi theo tham chi\u1ebfu trong C++ l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a tham s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c sang tham s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u00ean trong h\u00e0m th\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

          Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi theo tham chi\u1ebfu, tham chi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u00ean trong h\u00e0m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          Khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 void() \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          Ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 void() trong C++ kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khai b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 void trong C++ khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o t\u1eeb h\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Con tr\u1ecf trong C++ l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          Con tr\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong C++ v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. Ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a con tr\u1ecf. C\u00fa ph\u00e1p: type *name<\/p>\n

          To\u00e1n t\u1eed ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          To\u00e1n t\u1eed ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng :: To\u00e1n t\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

          To\u00e1n t\u1eed ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sau:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0110\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 tr\u00f9ng t\u00ean.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            N\u1ea1p ch\u1ed3ng to\u00e1n t\u1eed l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            N\u1ea1p ch\u1ed3ng to\u00e1n t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ea1p ch\u1ed3ng to\u00e1n t\u1eed, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 +, -, *, \/, <=, v.v.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3n sao n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao s\u00e2u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++ \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Advanced th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau. B\u1ea3n sao n\u00f4ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ban \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u1ea3n sao n\u00f4ng nhanh h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n sao s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

            Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3n sao s\u00e2u t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1ea3n sao s\u00e2u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm. B\u1ea3n sao s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed1c<\/p>\n

            N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp D \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf B. Khi t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ec3u D, c\u00e1c h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            D\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++. L\u1edbp d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n, ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t. Khi C++ x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1ea5t (\u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y th\u1eeba k\u1ebf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbp con nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sau c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

            V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp B s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp D s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0m h\u1ee7y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf l\u1edbp c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e0m h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp D s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp B s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u1ea3o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            C\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u1ea3o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. Khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi, cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi \u1ea3o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y. N\u00f3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

            STL l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            STL l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1eabu ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ee9a cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 h\u00e0m chung.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n STL l\u00e0 c\u00e1c containers, thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, tr\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

            Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf trong C++ l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1edbp con t\u1eeb l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp cha. L\u1edbp con hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c dev C++ g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, l\u1edbp cha c\u0169ng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

            K\u1ebft<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            V\u1eady l\u00e0 Masterskills \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n C++<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 \u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, h\u00e3y gh\u00e9 qua Blog c\u1ee7a Masterskills \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 C++ v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eabn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c IT, khi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[181],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50244"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50244"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50244\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}