{"id":6146,"date":"2023-11-29T12:40:08","date_gmt":"2023-11-29T12:40:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/?p=6146"},"modified":"2023-12-21T13:16:51","modified_gmt":"2023-12-21T06:16:51","slug":"7-cong-cu-quan-ly-chat-luong-trong-qua-trinh-san-xuat-doanh-nghiep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/7-cong-cu-quan-ly-chat-luong-trong-qua-trinh-san-xuat-doanh-nghiep.html","title":{"rendered":"7 C\u00d4NG C\u1ee4 QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd CH\u1ea4T L\u01af\u1ee2NG TRONG QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH S\u1ea2N XU\u1ea4T DOANH NGHI\u1ec6P"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. Ngo\u00e0i Kaizen, 5s hay Lean 6 Sigma th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u201c7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ftoc-heading-1\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a 7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>7 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi W.E. Deming v\u00e0 Joseph Juran.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa \u2013 M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: 95% c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng 7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a 7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e2u ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<p>7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (7 quality control tools) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra (Check sheets)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 (Charts)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 (Cause &amp; Effect Diagram)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Parento (Pareto chart)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 (Histogram)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n (Scatter Diagram)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (Control Chart)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ftoc-heading-2\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-3\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>2.1. Phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra (Check Sheet)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong>: Phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t,\u2026\u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n<p>Phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau:<\/p>\n<p>+ Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/p>\n<p>+ D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/p>\n<p>+ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng sai l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sai l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/p>\n<p>+ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ra sai l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1<\/strong>: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thu th\u1eadp<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2<\/strong>: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (ca, ng\u00e0y, tu\u1ea7n, th\u00e1ng, qu\u00fd\u2026)<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3<\/strong>: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4<\/strong>: \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/strong>: CheckSheet \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0<strong>C\u00e1c sai l\u1ed7i trong b\u1ea3n Photocopy<\/strong>\u00a0bao g\u1ed3m: Qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1i, qu\u00e1 m\u1edd, b\u1ea9n, sai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, sai c\u1ee1, k\u1eb9t gi\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c\u2026\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i trong 6 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-4\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>2.2. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 (Charts)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong>: Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch gi\u00fap c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong>: Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 hay bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Ishikawa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/p>\n<div id=\"gallery-2\" class=\"gallery galleryid-8745 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-full\">\n<figure class=\"gallery-item\">\n<div class=\"gallery-icon landscape\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chungnhanquocte.com\/7-cong-cu-quan-ly-chat-luong\/bieu-do-cot\/\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gallery-item\">\n<div class=\"gallery-icon landscape\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chungnhanquocte.com\/7-cong-cu-quan-ly-chat-luong\/bieu-do-duong\/\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gallery-item\">\n<div class=\"gallery-icon landscape\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chungnhanquocte.com\/7-cong-cu-quan-ly-chat-luong\/bieu-do-tron\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11\/bieu-do-tron.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"621\" height=\"612\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-5\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>2.3. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 (Cause &amp; Effect Diagram)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1:\u00a0<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1. V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng trung t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2<\/strong>: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Brainstorming th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<p>Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo 5M (Man \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Machine \u2013 M\u00e1y m\u00f3c, Method \u2013 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, Meterial \u2013 Nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, Mesurement \u2013 S\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng).<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo 5P (Peope \u2013 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Process \u2013 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, Place \u2013 \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, Provision \u2013 S\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p, Patron \u2013 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng)<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3<\/strong>: Th\u00eam c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 cho m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed7i nh\u00e1nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p 5WHY \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4<\/strong>: Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5<\/strong>: Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 6<\/strong>: Ghi t\u00ean ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3<\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-6\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>2.4. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto (Pereto Analysis)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong>\u00a0Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Pareto (Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc 80\/20)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 sau: 80% thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do 20% nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean. 20% nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y l\u00ean 80% l\u1ea7n x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Parento:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:\u00a0<\/strong>Ta xem x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i trong b\u1ea3n Photocopy. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c sai l\u1ed7i c\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: L\u1eadp phi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m tra (Checksheet) li\u1ec7t k\u00ea theo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Checksheet theo d\u00f5i nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c 2.1<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong Checksheet, l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u00edch l\u0169y, ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u00edch l\u0169y.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1eebng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi<\/p>\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" width=\"434\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>STT<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>T\u00ean l\u1ed7i<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\"><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>% L\u1ed7i t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Qu\u00e1 m\u1edd<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">44<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">44<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">29%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">37<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">81<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">53%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>B\u1ea9n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">27<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">108<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">70%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Sai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">16<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">124<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">81%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Sai c\u1ee1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">12<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">136<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">88%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>K\u1eb9t gi\u1ea5y<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">145<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">94%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">9<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">154<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>T\u1ed5ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">154<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: V\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>V\u1ebd tr\u1ee5c tung v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c ho\u00e0nh:<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Tr\u1ee5c tung: tr\u1ee5c tr\u00e1i: s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i; tr\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i: ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u1ed7i t\u00edch l\u0169y<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u1ee5c ho\u00e0nh: c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed9t:<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u1ebd c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i theo d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9t theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i qua ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 nhau<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>V\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u00edch l\u0169y (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong Pareto)<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng l\u1ed7i. N\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong Pareto<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>(C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 Excel \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quy t\u1eafc Pareto (quy t\u1eafc 80\/20) v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng: T\u1eeb tr\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ta k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 80%. Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o th\u00ec ta k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1eaft c\u1ed9t c\u00e1c sai l\u1ed7i\/v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ed7i\/ v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean tay tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh 80% h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 chung.<\/p>\n<p>Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 m\u1edd, qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea9n x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-7\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>2.5. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 (Histogram)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong>\u00a0Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng, t\u1eadp trung s\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9t. T\u1eeb s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u N (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng N&gt;50), x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t X<sub>M<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t X<sub>m<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed khi ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 pH c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i rau qu\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1i chua v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 pH theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 3.5, sai s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 0.2, \u00a0ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pH c\u1ee7a 100 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea3ng sau:<\/p>\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" width=\"594\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"10\" width=\"594\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 pH<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,42<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,43<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,49<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,47<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,41<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,49<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,37<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,47<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,45<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,39<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,55<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,45<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,40<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,32<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,34<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,43<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,30<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,59<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,47<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,63<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,59<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,38<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,45<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,31<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,40<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,51<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,54<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,36<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,60<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,52<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,45<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,46<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,54<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,54<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,49<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"64\">3,41<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,45<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,34<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,47<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,47<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,41<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,48<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">3,54<\/td>\n<td width=\"18\">3,47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb N = 100; X<sub>M<\/sub>\u00a0= 3,68; X<sub>m<\/sub>\u00a0= 3,30<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: T\u00ednh s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng chia (k), \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3ng chia (r) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3ng chia.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2013 S\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng chia: k = \u00a0=<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3ng chia: r = = 0,038<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh r = 0,05<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3ng chia:<\/p>\n<p>+ Kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 X<sub>m\u00a0<\/sub>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean l\u00e0 (X<sub>m<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 r\/2) v\u00e0 (X<sub>m<\/sub>\u00a0+ r\/2)<\/p>\n<p>+ Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 2 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 X<sub>m<\/sub>\u00a0+ r v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean l\u00e0: \u00a0(X<sub>m<\/sub>\u00a0+ r \u2013 r\/2) v\u00e0 (X<sub>m<\/sub>\u00a0+ r + r\/2)<\/p>\n<p><strong>+\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp theo x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t k kho\u1ea3ng chia<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ednh t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n) n c\u00faa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3ng, ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3ng sau:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" width=\"320\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>STT<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\"><strong>Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"131\"><strong>n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,275 \u2013 3,325<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,325 \u2013 3,375<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,375 \u2013 3,425<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,425 \u2013 3,475<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,475 \u2013 3,525<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,525 \u2013 3,575<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,575 \u2013 3,625<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,625 \u2013 3,675<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,675 \u2013 3,725<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"47\"><strong>10<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"142\">3,725 \u2013 3,775<\/td>\n<td width=\"131\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0<\/strong><strong>\u1edbc 4: V\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Histogram<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 Excel \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Histogram nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Histogram, ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u?<\/li>\n<li>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8756\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8756\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8756\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Histogram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u1ede bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Histogram c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pH thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pH t\u1eeb 3.475 \u2013 3.525. M\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pH theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 3.5, \u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 0.2. N\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u1ea5y r\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb pH \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i chu\u1ea9n (t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n khi g\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf d\u1ea7n khi d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 2 ph\u00eda) n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 pH c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-8\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n (Scatter Diagram)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n (Scatter Diagram) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn kia m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i. Bi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u00ea gi\u1eefa 2 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 2 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n:<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean men c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i rau qu\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1i chua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pH = 3,5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 pH c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch l\u00ean men \u1edf t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" width=\"488\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\"><strong>Th\u1eddi gian (h)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"64\"><strong>pH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"106\"><strong>Th\u1eddi gian (h)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"55\"><strong>pH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"106\"><strong>Th\u1eddi gian (h)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"55\"><strong>pH<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">12<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">6,03<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">24<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">4,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">36<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">13<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">6,01<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">25<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">4,78<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">37<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">14<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">6,01<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">26<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">4,57<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">38<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">15<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,98<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">27<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">4,36<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">39<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">16<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,67<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">28<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">4,25<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">40<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">17<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">29<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,95<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">41<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">18<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,34<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">30<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,9<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">42<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">19<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">31<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,8<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">43<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">2,95<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">20<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,17<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">32<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,7<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">44<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">2,87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">21<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">5,12<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">33<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,69<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">45<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">2,68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">22<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">4,98<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">34<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,67<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">46<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">2,65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"102\">23<\/td>\n<td width=\"64\">4,97<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">35<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">3,67<\/td>\n<td width=\"106\">47<\/td>\n<td width=\"55\">2,51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: V\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c ho\u00e0nh X v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c tung Y<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u00ecn b\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean men v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 pH, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 pH v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean men c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c: Th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean men c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 pH c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 pH=3.5 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean men s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 36 (h).<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ftoc-heading-9\" class=\"ftwp-heading\"><strong>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (Control Chart)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t g\u00e2y ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u1ed3n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong>: Cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong 1 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2013\u00a0<em>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1):<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 : \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n (C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu = 1)<\/li>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 : gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng (1 &lt; C\u1ee1 m\u1ea5u &lt; 10)<\/li>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 : gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n (C\u1ee1 m\u1eabu &gt;10)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>\u2013 Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh):<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8759\" src=\"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/11\/bieu-do-du-lieu-roi-rac.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"230\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 np (Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i): s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 p: T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c (Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i): S\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ed1 v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u00ecnh 2.7.4. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 u: S\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb (m, m<sup>2<\/sup>, 1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m). V\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ed1 v\u1ebft x\u01b0\u1edbc\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1<\/strong>: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2<\/strong>: L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3<\/strong>: Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4:<\/strong>\u00a0Thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 20 m\u1eabu)<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5<\/strong>: T\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 6:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00e2m (Center Line \u2013 CL), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean (Upper center line \u2013 UCL) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi (Lower center line \u2013 LCL).<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 7<\/strong>: Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 8:<\/strong>\u00a0Ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eabu \u0111o) \u1edf ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 9<\/strong>: Ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m. Khi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00e2m, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc 8,9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 chu\u1ea9n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. Ngo\u00e0i Kaizen, 5s hay Lean 6 Sigma th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[220,227],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6146"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6146"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6146\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/masterskills.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}